Experimental study on the effect of the topical application of steroids by the olfactory disturbance in mice.

Akahoshi

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

et al. 2016

Plants rich in essential oils, such as Pogostemon cablin (P. cablin; 廣藿香 guǎng huò xiāng), have been used for aromas and as herbal medicines since ancient times because of their sedative effects. We investigated the sedative effects of hexane extract from P. cablin using locomotor activity in mice. Inhalation of P. cablin hexane extract exhibited significant sedative activity in a dose-dependent manner. In order to isolate the active constituents, the extract was fractionated and diacetone alcohol was identified as an active compound. Inhalation of diacetone alcohol significantly reduced murine locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was not observed in olfaction-impaired mice. We examined the structure–activity relationship of diacetone alcohol and similar compounds. The ketone group at the two-position and number of carbons may play important roles in the sedative activity of diacetone alcohol.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedative effects of inhaled essential oil components of traditional fragrance Pogostemon cablin leaves and their structure–activity relationships

Akahoshi

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

“…Mice and rats use odor cues to learn to avoid a bottle containing the "awful" 355 μM CyX, odor cues that are acutely sensitive to systematic disruption and restoration of the olfactory pathways [39,57,73]. As CyX itself is not volatile, odor of its fragrant dimethylcyclohexanone breakdown product may be involved (Fig.…”

Section: Cycloheximide: No Ordinary Bitter Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1), are poorly defined. Like many aversive "taste" stimuli [31,97], CyX has multiple chemosensory effects and its intake leads to a complex of systemic consequences [10,57,84]. Nevertheless, CyX, used extensively experimentally to disrupt protein synthesis [115], has become a focus of work on taste transduction and coding mechanisms for bitter taste [19,20,42,52,74,113].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many bitter compounds have systemic effects post-ingestion leading to increased behavioral sensitivity. Intake or intraperitoneal injection of CyX may induce learned aversions [8,57] or, possibly, enhance sensitivity genetically by up-regulating expression of chemosensory receptors [103]. Well-studied LiCl-induced learned aversions are not quickly forgotten [75,76], and hamsters do not generalize LiCl-induced aversions learned to caffeine or SOA to the ionic bitter stimuli: quinine, denatonium or MgSO 4 [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cycloheximide: No ordinary bitter stimulus

Hettinger

Formaker

Frank

2007

Cycloheximide (CyX), a toxic antibiotic with a unique chemical structure generated by the actinomycete, Streptomyces griseus, has emerged as a primary focus of studies on mammalian bitter taste. Rats and mice avoid it at concentrations well below the thresholds for most bitter stimuli and T2R G-protein-coupled receptors specific for CyX with appropriate sensitivity are identified for those species. Like mouse and rat, golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, also detected and rejected micromolar levels of CyX, although 1mM CyX failed to activate the hamster chorda tympani nerve. Hamsters showed an initial tolerance for 500microM CyX, but after that, avoidance of CyX dramatically increased, plasticity not reported for rat or mouse. As the hamster lineage branches well before division of the mouse-rat lineage in evolutionary time, differences between hamster and mouse-rat reactions to CyX are not surprising. Furthermore, unlike hamster LiCl-induced learned aversions, the induced CyX aversion neither specifically nor robustly generalized to other non-ionic bitter stimuli; and unlike adverse reactions to other chemosensory stimuli, aversions to CyX were not mollified by adding a sweetener. Thus, CyX is unlike other bitter stimuli. The gene for the high-affinity CyX receptor is a member of a cluster of five orthologous T2R genes that are likely rodent-specific; this "CyX clade" is found in the mouse, rat and probably hamster, but not in the human or rabbit genome. The rodent CyX-T2R interaction may be one of multiple lineage-specific stimulus-receptor interactions reflecting a response to a particular environmental toxin. The combination of T2R multiplicity, species divergence and gene duplication results in diverse ligands for multiple species-specific T2R receptors, which confounds definition of 'bitter' stimuli across species.

The sedative effect of inhaled terpinolene in mice and its structure–activity relationships

2013

J Nat Med

Terpinolene is a cyclic monoterpene compound found in some Labiatae herbs. In our previous study, we evaluated the sedative effect of inhaled essential oils of Microtoena patchoulii leaves in mice and isolated terpinolene as an active ingredient. We investigated the structure-activity relationships of terpinolene to identify the structural part essential to its sedative effect. Comparison of terpinolene analog activities showed that a double bond in the side-chain or pi bonds in the six-membered ring play important roles in the sedative effect. In another experiment using olfactory impaired mice, we further revealed that inhaled terpinolene exerted the effect after nasal absorption into the body.