Experimental test of predation's effect on divergent selection during character displacement in sticklebacks

Rundle, Howard D.; Vamosi, Steven M.; Schluter, Dolph

doi:10.1073/pnas.2036360100

Cited by 133 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…Field studies of natural selection (e.g., Grant and Grant 2006), sometimes experimental (e.g., Losos et al 2006), are testing the hypothesis that interspecific interactions drive adaptive diversification in adaptive radiations. Studies on nascent adaptive radiations, such as those of sticklebacks and walking sticks, are shedding light on how speciation and adaptive diversification occur in the early stages of adaptive radiation (e.g., Rundle et al 2003;Schluter 2003;Nosil and Crespi 2006), although of course there is no guarantee that these taxa will eventually become full-blown adaptive radiations. In this light, invasive species, in so many ways potentially disastrous ecologically, may serve a positive role by creating quasi experiments that could never be conducted intentionally, allowing evolutionary biologists to study the early stages of adaptive radiation when a species arrives in an environment in which it has no previous evolutionary history (e.g., Carroll et al 1998;Phillips and Shine 2004;Sax et al 2007;Vellend et al 2007).…”

Section: Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary Determinism

Losos

2010

The American Naturalist

567

603

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Adaptive radiation refers to diversification from an ancestral species that produces descendants adapted to use a great variety of distinct ecological niches. In this review, I examine two aspects of adaptive radiation: first, that it results from ecological opportunity and, second, that it is deterministic in terms of its outcome and evolutionary trajectory. Ecological opportunity is usually a prerequisite for adaptive radiation, although in some cases, radiation can occur in the absence of preexisting opportunity. Nonetheless, many clades fail to radiate although seemingly in the presence of ecological opportunity; until methods are developed to identify and quantify ecological opportunity, the concept will have little predictive utility in understanding a priori when a clade might be expected to radiate. Although predicted by theory, replicated adaptive radiations occur only rarely, usually in closely related and poorly dispersing taxa found in the same region on islands or in lakes. Contingencies of a variety of types may usually preclude close similarity in the outcome of evolutionary diversification in other situations. Whether radiations usually unfold in the same general sequence is unclear because of the unreliability of methods requiring phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral events. The synthesis of ecological, phylogenetic, experimental, and genomic advances promises to make the coming years a golden age for the study of adaptive radiation; natural history data, however, will always be crucial to understanding the forces shaping adaptation and evolutionary diversification.

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Section: Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary Determinism

Losos

2010

The American Naturalist

567

603

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“…Data are from one of three replicate ponds; results were similar in the other two. Modified from Rundle et al (2003). The phenotype axis is scaled differently in the two panels but is otherwise comparable chances of survival after escape) (Reimchen 1992(Reimchen , 2000.…”

Section: Wider Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second result comes from a pond experiment designed to test the effect of predation on competition and divergent selection (Rundle et al 2003). The design of the experiment was similar to that of experiment 3 described in the previous section, except that we repeated both treatments in two groups of ponds.…”

Section: Wider Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much more surprisingly, the strength of divergent natural selection between competitors was increased rather than diminished in ponds where mortality was high. This result seems paradoxical, but the strength of divergent selection is expected to depend not so much on how strong competition is, but rather on how rapidly competition declines between individuals as they differ more greatly in phenotype (Rundle et al 2003). Abrams et al (2008) has identified the conditions under which predation strengthens or weakens divergent selection from competition.…”

Section: Wider Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resource Competition and Coevolution in Sticklebacks

Schluter¹

2010

Evo Edu Outreach

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Threespine stickleback in young postglacial lakes provide a compelling example of coevolution between species that compete for resources. Coexisting pairs of stickleback species are highly divergent in habitat, diet, and body size and shape, whereas stickleback occurring alone in lakes are intermediate. We used experiments in ponds to test mechanisms of divergence between coexisting species. The results support the hypothesis of coevolution by resource competition between stickleback, but we found evidence that interactions with natural enemies also contribute to divergence. Natural selection arising from these interactions selects against intermediate phenotypes, included hybrids, and thus has contributed to the origin and persistence of stickleback species.

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“…In addition, different predation regimes [15][16][17][18] or different food resources in different habitats can increase population isolation [19]. Ecological speciation is thought to arise from reproductive barriers that develop as indirect or correlated responses to natural selection for adaptation towards different ecological niches [13,18,[20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric isolating barriers between different microclimatic environments caused by low immigrant survival

2015

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Spatially variable selection has the potential to result in local adaptation unless counteracted by gene flow. Therefore, barriers to gene flow will help facilitate divergence between populations that differ in local selection pressures. We performed spatially and temporally replicated reciprocal field transplant experiments between inland and coastal habitats using males of the common blue damselfly (Enallagma cyathigerum) as our study organism. Males from coastal populations had lower local survival rates than resident males at inland sites, whereas we detected no differences between immigrant and resident males at coastal sites, suggesting asymmetric local adaptation in a source-sink system. There were no intrinsic differences in longevity between males from the different environments suggesting that the observed differences in male survival are environment-dependent and probably caused by local adaptation. Furthermore, the coastal environment was found to be warmer and drier than the inland environment, further suggesting local adaptation to microclimatic factors has lead to differential survival of resident and immigrant males. Our results suggest that low survival of immigrant males mediates isolation between closely located populations inhabiting different microclimatic environments.

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Experimental test of predation's effect on divergent selection during character displacement in sticklebacks

Cited by 133 publications

References 51 publications

Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary Determinism

Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary Determinism

Resource Competition and Coevolution in Sticklebacks

Asymmetric isolating barriers between different microclimatic environments caused by low immigrant survival

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