Experimental Transmission of West Nile Virus (<i>Flaviviridae: Flavivirus</i>) by<i>Carios capensis</i>Ticks from North America

Hutcheson, H. Joel; Gorham, Christopher H.; Machaín-Williams, Carlos; Loroño-Pino, María Alba; James, Angela M.; Marlenee, Nicole L.; Winn, Brad; Beaty, Barry J.; Blair, Carol D.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.293

Cited by 55 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…29,30 The swallow bug ( Oeciacus vicarious ) is a hematophagous parasite that is closely associated with cliff swallow colonies and could serve as a potential alternate WNV vector (either biologic or mechanical). These bugs occupy swallow colonies year-round and feed primarily on cliff swallows, but also on other birds that occupy the nests, such as house sparrows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus

Oesterle¹,

Nemeth²,

VanDalen³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Cliff swallows ( Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ) were inoculated with differing doses of West Nile virus (WNV) to evaluate their potential role as reservoir hosts in nature. Swallows often nest in large colonies in habitats and months associated with high mosquito abundance and early WNV transmission in North America. Additionally, cliff swallow diet consists of insects, including mosquitoes, leading to an additional potential route of WNV infection. The average peak viremia titer among infected cliff swallows was 10 6.3 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL serum and the reservoir competence index was 0.34. There was no correlation between dose and probability of becoming infected or viremia peak and duration. Oral shedding was detected from 2 to 14 days post-inoculation with an average peak titer of 10 4.4 PFU/swab. These results suggest that cliff swallows are competent reservoir hosts of WNV and therefore, they may play a role in early seasonal amplification and maintenance of WNV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus

Oesterle¹,

Nemeth²,

VanDalen³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Laboratory transmission was demonstrated in so ticks (Hutcheson et al 2005) but did not occur in hard ixodid ticks (Reisen et al 2007a). In general, ticks are not believed to play a major role in enzootic transmission but may act as a reservoir, because they can remain infected for long periods (Lawrie et al 2004).…”

Section: Ecology Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Ecology of West Nile Virus Transmission and Its Impact on Birds in the Western Hemisphere

Kilpatrick¹,

LaDeau

Marra

2007

Auk

155

153

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“…Non-mosquito arthropods might serve as competent WNV vectors. Soft ticks, 29,30 louse flies, 31 and biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) 32 are known to infect other avian species with WNV. Pelican chicks harbor a wide variety of ectoparasites; most notable are pouch lice or biting lice (Piagetiella peralis).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus in American White Pelican Chicks: Transmission, Immunity, and Survival

Sovada

Pietz²,

Hofmeister³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. West Nile virus (WNV) causes significant mortality of American White Pelican chicks at northern plains colonies. We tested oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs from moribund chicks for shed WNV. Such shedding could enable chick-to-chick transmission and help explain why WNV spreads rapidly in colonies. WNV was detected on swabs from 11% of chicks in 2006 and 52% of chicks in 2007; however, viral titers were low. Before onset of WNV mortality, we tested blood from 3-week-old chicks for antibodies to WNV; 5% of chicks were seropositive, suggesting passive transfer of maternal antibodies. Among near-fledged chicks, 41% tested positive for anti-WNV antibodies, indicating that they survived infection. Among years and colonies, cumulative incidence of WNV in chicks varied from 28% to 81%, whereas the proportion of chicks surviving WNV (i.e., seropositive) was 64-75%. Our data revealed that WNV kills chicks that likely would fledge in the absence of WNV, that infection of chicks is pervasive, and that significant numbers of chicks survive infection.

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Experimental Transmission of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) byCarios capensisTicks from North America

Cited by 55 publications

References 10 publications

Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus

Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus

Ecology of West Nile Virus Transmission and Its Impact on Birds in the Western Hemisphere

West Nile Virus in American White Pelican Chicks: Transmission, Immunity, and Survival

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