Experimental Transmission of Wuchereria Bancrofti to Monkeys *

Cross, John H.; Partònò, F; Hsu, Meng-Hao; Ash, Lawrence R.; Oemijati, S

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1979.28.56

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…In D. scapiceps the fourth moult occurred at the same time in males and females and took place earlier (12 days postinoculation) than that ("approximately 2 weeks" to 50 -70 days) reported in other filarioids (Scott et al 195 1 ;Chabaud 1954;Edeson and Buckley 1959;Orihel 196 1 ;Schacher 1962;Ramachandran and Pacheco 1965;Ash andRiley 1970a, 1970b;Ash 1973;Hibler and Metzger 1974;Johnson et al 1974;Singh et al 1976;Cross et al 1979;Eberhard and Orihel 198 1;Kotani and Powers 1982).…”

Section: 'Time Of Day (Hours)mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In contrast, Litomosoides carinii (Travassos, 1919) arrives at the definitive site as a third-stage larva (Scott 1945;Scott et al 1951), as apparently do some Brugia pahangi (Buckley and Edeson, 1956), B. malayi (Brug , 1927), B. patei (Buckley , Nelson and Heisch, 1958, and Wuchereria bancrofii (Cobbold, 1877) (see Schacher 1962;Ash andRiley 1970a, 1970b;Ash and Schacher 197 1 ;Ewert 197 1 ;ElBihari and Ewert 197 1 ;Cross et al 1979). Other filarioids may not migrate extensively in the host.…”

Section: 'Time Of Day (Hours)mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The third moult of most other filarioids also occurs early, between 3 and 13 days postinoculation (Scott et al 195 1 ;Chabaud 1954;Edeson and Buckley 1959;Orihel 1961 ;Schacher 1962;Ash andRiley 1970a, 1970b;Ash and Schacher 197 1 ;Ash 1973;Johnson et al 1974;Hibler and Metzger 1974;Singh et al 1976;Cross et al 1979;Kotani and Powers 1982). That of Loa loa (Guyot, 1778), however, occurs at 16-20 days (Eberhard and Orihel 198 1 ) .…”

Section: 'Time Of Day (Hours)mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Development of Dirofilaria scapiceps (Leidy, 1886) (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in lagomorphs

Bartlett¹

1984

Can. J. Zool.

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Development of Dirofilaria scapiceps (Leidy, 1886) was followed in 34 experimentally infected cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Worms were recovered from all rabbits and intensity ranged from 8 to 76% of the number of infective larvae inoculated. Development to subadults occurred in subcutaneous tissues in various regions of the body; the specific region was influenced by the site of inoculation. The third and fourth moults occurred at 6 and 12 days postinoculation, respectively. Subadults migrated through the subcutaneous tissues and arrived in the ankles as early as 16 days postinoculation. Worms were sexually mature by 67 days. The prepatent period was 137–234 days and the microfilaraemia was nonperiodic. Few worms in cottontail rabbits degenerated or died and rabbits with 1-year-old infections could be reinfected. Dirofilaria scapiceps was recovered from 12 of 14 experimentally inoculated snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and 2 of 4 New Zealand white domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Intensity in snowshoe hares and domestic rabbits ranged from 0.4 to 15% and 6 to 7%, respectively, of the number of infective larvae inoculated. Many worms in these hosts degenerated or died.

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Section: 'Time Of Day (Hours)mentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: 'Time Of Day (Hours)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: 'Time Of Day (Hours)mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Development of Dirofilaria scapiceps (Leidy, 1886) (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in lagomorphs

Bartlett¹

1984

Can. J. Zool.

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“…The increased risk in the former group probably reflects increased mosquito bites and relatively high rates of infection in others who hunt and fish in the same areas. While natural W. bancrofti infection has never been reported in any animal species, patent infections have been established experimentally in three species of langur [54-57] and in Macaca monkeys [58,59]. Thus, although unlikely, the possibility of a primate reservoir for W. bancrofti in Central Africa cannot be entirely ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study of risk factors for lymphatic filariasis in the Republic of Congo

Chesnais

Missamou²,

Pion

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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BackgroundLittle is known regarding risk factors for lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Central Africa. We studied the epidemiology of LF in an endemic village in the Republic of Congo.MethodsDependent variables were Wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia (ICT card test) and microfilaremia (night blood smears). The following factors were investigated: sex, age, bed net, latrines, source of water, uptake of anthelmintic drugs, hunting/fishing activities, and occasionally sleeping in the bush. Mixed multivariate logistic regression models were used.Results134 of 774 subjects aged ≥ 5 years (17.3%) had W. bancrofti antigenemia and 41 (5.3%) had microfilaremia (mf). Infection rates increased with age up to roughly 20 years and remained stable thereafter. Multivariate analysis of antigenemia demonstrated an increased risk for males (OR = 2.0 [1.3-3.0]) and for people who hunt or fish (OR = 1.5 [1.0-2.4]) and a protective effect of latrines (OR = 0.5 [0.4-0.8]). Among males, those hunting or fishing at night had an increased risk for antigenemia (OR = 1.9 [1.1-3.5]), and use of latrines was protective (OR = 0.5 [0.3-0.9]). For females, bed nets were protective (OR = 0.4 [0.1-0.9]), and there was a strong household effect (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: 0.24). When mf was used as the dependent variable, males had a higher risk for infection (OR = 5.4 [2.1-13.4]), latrines had a protective effect (OR = 0.4 [0.1-0.9]) and there was a marked household effect (ICC = 0.49).ConclusionsAge, sex, and occupation-dependent exposure to mosquitoes were important risk factors for infection with W. bancrofti in this study. It is likely that men often acquire infection in high transmission areas outside of the village, while children and women are infected in areas with lower transmission inside or near the village. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these findings apply to other areas in Central Africa.

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“…However, limited number of parasites could develop to gravid females or adults in non-human primates such Macaca cyclopis, Macaca fascicularis and Presbytis cristatus (Cross et al 1979;Dissanaike and Mak 1980). More recently, the Indian leaf monkey, Presbytis entellus, was found to develop the nocturnally periodic W. bancrofti leading to patent infection and the prepatent period varied between 195 and 240 days.…”

Section: Natural and Experimental Infection On Animalsmentioning

confidence: 97%

A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites

2009

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There are about five more common, including Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, and four less common filarial parasites infecting human. Genetic analysis of W. bancrofti populations in India showed that two strains of the species are prevalent in the country. The adult filarial parasites are tissue specific in the human host and their embryonic stage, called microfilariae (mf), are found in the blood or skin of the host, depending upon the species of the parasite. Three genetically determined physiological races exist in W. bancrofti and B. malayi, based on the microfilarial periodicity. They are the nocturnally periodic, nocturnally subperiodic and diurnally subperiodic forms. The susceptibility of a mosquito species to filarial infection depends on various factors, which could be genetic, physiological or physical. Survival analysis of Culex quinquefasciatus infected with W. bancrofti showed that the parasite load in the mosquito is a risk factor of vector survival. The extrinsic life cycle of the parasite is initiated when the mf are ingested by a mosquito vector during feeding on the host blood. On maturity, most of the infective L3 stage larvae migrate to the head and proboscis of the mosquito to get transmitted to the mammalian host during subsequent feeding. They develop to the adult L5 stage and the period of development and the longevity of the parasites varies according to the species of the nematode and the mammalian host. The rate of production of mf by the adult female was found to be stable at least for a period of five years. The life span of the mf has some influence on the dynamics of transmission of filariasis. Recent studies show that the endosymbiont, Wolbachia, plays an important role in the survival of filarial parasites. The possibility of in vitro and in vivo culture of filarial parasites is also reviewed.

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Experimental Transmission of Wuchereria Bancrofti to Monkeys *

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Development of Dirofilaria scapiceps (Leidy, 1886) (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in lagomorphs

Development of Dirofilaria scapiceps (Leidy, 1886) (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in lagomorphs

A case study of risk factors for lymphatic filariasis in the Republic of Congo

A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites

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