Experimental validation of a computational fluid dynamics model using micro‐particle image velocimetry of the irrigation flow in confluent canals

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to experimentally validate a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, using micro-particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) measurements of the irrigation flow velocity field developed in confluent canals during irrigation with a side-vented needle.Methodology: A microchip with confluent canals, manufactured in polydimethylsiloxane was used in a micro-PIV analysis of the irrigation flow using a side-vented needle placed 3 mm from the end of the confluence of the canals. Velocity fields and profiles were recorded for flow rates of 0.017 and 0.1 ml/s and compared with those predicted in CFD numerical simulations (using a finite volume commercial code -FLUENT) for both laminar and turbulent regimes. Results:The overall flow pattern, isovelocity and vector maps as well as velocity profiles showed a close agreement between the micro-PIV experimental and CFD predicted data. No relevant differences were observed between the results obtained with the laminar and turbulent flow models used. Conclusions:Results showed that the laminar CFD modelling is reliable to predict the flow in similar domains.

Characterization of four heat‐treated reciprocating instruments: Design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and irrigation flow patterns

“…A three‐dimensional, incompressible, pressure‐based transient solver was employed to solve the continuity equation, momentum equations, and the advective‐transport equation for a passive tracer. The flow was assumed to be laminar, and no turbulence model was incorporated into the simulation, which aligns with previous validations (Boutsioukis, Verhaagen, Versluis, Kastrinakis & van der Sluis, 2010; Rito Pereira et al, 2022).…”

Influence of needle design and irrigation depth in the presence of vapor lock: A computational fluid dynamics analysis in human oval roots with apical ramification

“…1,13,19 Furthermore, a turbulent flow was assumed based on Gao et al and Rito Pereira. 30,38 The irrigation velocity used is clinically realistic 39 and widely described. 14,38 The use of higher velocities might be a future field of study for CFD; although based on the P a values obtained in the present work it seems reasonable to anticipate that higher velocities may be dangerous for the use of both FV and N needles.…”

“…Likewise, the parameters used for the physical properties for both the vapor lock and the irrigant are also based in previous studies 1,13,19 . Furthermore, a turbulent flow was assumed based on Gao et al and Rito Pereira 30,38 . The irrigation velocity used is clinically realistic 39 and widely described 14,38 .…”

Multimethod analysis of large‐ and low‐tapered single file reciprocating instruments: Design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and irrigation flow

“…Virtual 25‐mm needles featuring flat open‐ended and side‐vented designs with a gauge size of 30G were created, with outer diameters measuring 320 μm and inner diameters measuring 170 μm. In the 3D models, the tips of the side‐vented and open‐ended needles were positioned 3 and 1 mm from the apical foramen, respectively (Figure 1b), whilst the flow was assumed to be laminar and no turbulence model was incorporated into the simulation (Boutsioukis, Verhaagen, Versluis, Kastrinakis, & van der Sluis, 2010; Rito Pereira et al., 2022). The CFD simulations employed a fluid inlet with a flow rate of 0.1 mL/s, using a fluid composed of 2.5% NaOCl modelled as an incompressible Newtonian fluid (density: 1060 kg/m 3 ; viscosity: 1.073 × 10 −3 Pa·s) (Guerisoli et al., 1998).…”