Experimentally confirmed toltrazuril resistance in a field isolate of Cystoisospora suis

Shrestha, Aruna; Freudenschuss, Barbara; Jansen, Rutger; Hinney, Barbara; Ruttkowski, Bärbel; Joachim, Anja

doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2257-7

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Conceivable reasons for that could be application errors or antiparasitic resistance. Although recently a toltrazuril-resistant C. suis strain was isolated from The Netherlands (19), we consider geographically expanded (but to date unrecognized) toltrazuril-resistance to be an unlikely explanation. The Dutch resistant strain was isolated from a single farm and surrounding farms were not affected (Jansen, pers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…It has been shown to be efficient in several laboratory and field studies and can thus enhance animal welfare as well as farm productivity (13,(16)(17)(18). Toltrazuril is now frequently used to control piglet cystoisosporosis in Europe (19). As C. suis induces intestinal damage during prepatency, i.e., before oocyst are excreted with the feces, efficient treatment has to be applied to piglets exposed to infection before the parasite can be diagnosed coproscopically (16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cystoisospora suis Control in Europe Is Not Always Effective

et al. 2020

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After introduction of the anticoccidial toltrazuril for the metaphylactic treatment of suckling piglet coccidiosis, only few field evaluations on the effect of treatment against the causative agent, Cystoisospora suis, were performed. In 2018, a field study was conducted to detect the presence of the parasite on pig farms in four different European countries, and to evaluate management parameters possibly associated with infection and disease. A total of 49 farms from Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Spain were included. Repeated pooled fecal samples from 603 litters were taken in the 2nd and 3rd week of life. Samples were examined by autofluorescence for the presence of C. suis, and fecal consistency was scored. For each farm a questionnaire was provided to document management and treatment history. Feces scored as diarrhoeic were not significantly more often positive for C. suis than non-diarrhoeic feces but samples from litters with previously reported occurrence of diarrhea were significantly more often positive (p = 0.000). Pasty feces were significantly more often positive than those of other consistency (p = 0.005). Overall, 71.4% of the farms and 50.1% of the litters were positive for C. suis at least once. The prevalence on the farms reached up to 100%. Diarrhea was seen in samples from 53.1% of the farms (9.6% of the litters). Cystoisospora suis was diagnosed on 80.8% of the farms with vs. 60.8% of those without diarrhea. Toltrazuril was applied on 30 farms, and of these 53.3% had diarrhoeic samples and 66.7% were positive for C. suis vs. 19 farms that did not use toltrazuril with 52.6% diarrhoeic and 79.0% C. suis positive samples (p > 0.05). Only on two farms a disinfectant with activity against coccidia was used, and C. suis was not detected there. Current control of C. suis appears to be insufficient on the majority of the examined farms. These findings highlight the importance of correct application of medication, and an effective hygiene management. To maintain effective parasite control, efficacy monitoring of the control measures should be implemented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cystoisospora suis Control in Europe Is Not Always Effective

et al. 2020

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“…[ 3 ]). Drug resistance has been described for anticoccidial drugs in chicken and recently also in pigs [ 4 , 5 ] and evaluation of treatment efficacy by faecal examination in the field may also become important in mammalian host species including piglets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Cystoisospora suis in faeces of suckling piglets – when and how? A comparison of methods

2018

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BackgroundCystoisospora suis is the causative agent of porcine neonatal coccidiosis, a diarrheal disease which affects suckling piglets in the first weeks of life. Detection of oocysts in the faeces of infected animals is frequently hampered by the short individual excretion period and the high fat content of faecal samples. We analysed oocyst excretion patterns of infected piglets, evaluated different detection methods for their detection limit and reproducibility, and propose a sampling scheme to improve the diagnosis of C. suis in faecal samples from the field using a protocol for reliable parasite detection.ResultsBased on a hypothesized model of the course of infection on a farm, three samplings (days of life 7–14-21 or 10–15-20) should be conducted including individual samples of piglets from each sampled litter. Samples can be examined by a modified McMaster method (lower detection limit: 333 oocysts per gram of faeces, OpG), by examining faecal smears under autofluorescence (lower detection limit: 10 OpG) or after carbol-fuchsin staining (lower detection limit: 100 OpG). Reproducibility and inter-test correlations were high with (R2 > 0.8). A correlation of oocyst excretion with diarrhoea could not be established so samples with different faecal consistencies should be taken. Pooled samples (by litter) should be comprised of several individual samples from different animals.ConclusionsSince oocyst excretion by C. suis-infected piglets is usually short the right timing and a sufficiently sensitive detection method are important for correct diagnosis. Oocyst detection in faecal smears of samples taken repeatedly is the method of choice to determine extent and intensity of infection on a farm, and autofluorescence microscopy provides by far the lowest detection limit. Other methods for oocyst detection in faeces are less sensitive and/or more labour- and cost intensive and their usefulness is restricted to specific applications.

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“…Sin embargo, aún no se entiende el papel de los anticuerpos específicos contra C. suis transferidos de las madres a los lechones y las posibles correlaciones entre los niveles de anticuerpos y la Cystoisosporosis (25) . Shrestha et al (26) demostraron la presencia de anticuerpos en el calostro y la leche de cerdas infectadas experimentalmente antes del parto, ya que el efecto protector estuvo altamente correlacionado con los títulos de anticuerpos durante las primeras dos semanas de vida, lo que explicaría la baja prevalencia de C. suis en lechones con menos de una semana de edad. porcentaje de humedad mostró (55.8 %), mientras que septiembre y octubre mostraron los mayores porcentajes de humedad.…”

Section: Figura 2: Dinámica De Prevalencia De Cystoisospora Suis En Cunclassified

Infection dynamics of Cystoisospora suis (Isospora suis) on a pilot swine farm in Carabobo State, Venezuela

León

Borges

2019

Rev. Mex. Cienc. Pecu.

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Se condujo una investigación en Venezuela desde septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2016 con la finalidad de determinar la dinámica de la infección por Cystoisospora suis en una granja piloto. Para la determinación parasitaria se colectaron 480 muestras fecales de camadas (cuarenta muestras mensuales). Todas las muestras se cultivaron en dicromato de potasio al 2,5% y posteriormente fueron procesadas con una técnica copro-parasitológica. Los resultados de esta investigación señalan que C. suis se encontró presente durante todo el período de estudio con 52,08% de prevalencia, y sus mayores valores en lechones con dos semanas de vida. Probablemente, las condiciones de manejo y salubridad de la granja favorecen los mecanismos de sobrevivencia y proliferación del parásito. Con respecto al mes de muestreo, no se encontró significancia estadística entre las constantes meteorológicas y la prevalencia por C. suis, lo que podría indicar que el ambiente no tuvo ningún efecto sobre la presencia del protozoario. Los datos recogidos en la encuesta epidemiológica se analizaron mediante una prueba de correlación de Spearman, y se determinó asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la prevalencia y la presencia veterinaria, protocolo de desinfección 3 y empleo de Baycox al 5%. Se concluye que las condiciones meteorológicas registradas en nuestro medio son óptimas para que ocurra el proceso de esporulación, y por tanto, mantener viables ooquistes de C. suis durante todo el año.

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Experimentally confirmed toltrazuril resistance in a field isolate of Cystoisospora suis

Cited by 31 publications

References 48 publications

Cystoisospora suis Control in Europe Is Not Always Effective

Cystoisospora suis Control in Europe Is Not Always Effective

Detection of Cystoisospora suis in faeces of suckling piglets – when and how? A comparison of methods

Infection dynamics of Cystoisospora suis (Isospora suis) on a pilot swine farm in Carabobo State, Venezuela

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