Experimentally feasible protocol for semiquantum key distribution

Boyer, M. Martin; Katz, M.; Liss, Rotem; Mor, Tal

doi:10.1103/physreva.96.062335

Cited by 64 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The first protocol to achieve this is the so-called mirror protocol and it was the first SQKD protocol designed with practical implementation issues in mind [168]. To describe the protocol, we require the use of the Fock basis, where, briefly, we write |i, j to mean a state consisting of i photons in the |0 state and j photons in the |1 state (physically, these may be polarization, time-bin, spatial encoding, or some other encoding as needed by the protocol).…”

Section: Practical Semi-quantummentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all powerful adversary. This is a task impossible to achieve through classical communication only; indeed, to distribute a secret key through classical means requires one to assume computationally bounded adversaries. If, however, both parties are "quantum capable" then security may be attained assuming only that the adversary must obey the laws of physics. But "how quantum" must a protocol actually be to gain this advantage over classical communication? This is one of the questions semi-quantum cryptography seeks to answer.Semi-quantum communication, a model introduced in 2007 by M. Boyer, D. Kenigsberg, and T. Mor (PRL 99 140501), involves the use of fully-quantum users and semiquantum, or "classical" users. These classical users are only allowed to interact with the quantum channel in a limited, classical manner. Originally introduced to study the key-distribution problem, semi-quantum research has since expanded, and continues to grow, with new protocols, security proof methods, experimental implementations, and new cryptographic applications beyond key distribution. Research in the field of semi-quantum cryptography requires new insights into working with restricted protocols and, so, the tools and techniques derived in this field can translate to results in broader quantum information science. Furthermore, other questions such as the connection between quantum and classical processing, including how classical information processing can be used to counteract a quantum deficiency in a protocol, can shed light on important theoretical questions.This work surveys the history and current state-of-the-art in semi-quantum research. We discuss the model and several protocols offering the reader insight into how protocols are constructed in this realm. We discuss security proof methods and how classical post-processing can be used to counteract users' inability to perform certain quantum operations. Moving beyond key distribution, we survey current work in other * semi-quantum cryptographic protocols and current trends. We also survey recent work done in attempting to construct practical semi-quantum systems including recent experimental results in this field. Finally, as this is still a growing field, we highlight, throughout this survey, several open problems that we feel are important to investigate in the hopes that this will spur even more research in this topic.

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Section: Practical Semi-quantummentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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“…There is a striking improvement in key-rate in the dependent case (especially for MODE-3). Two instances of BB84-XY [2] is most comparable to our protocol in MODE-2; similarly, BB84-XYZ [2] is most comparable to MODE-3.…”

mentioning

confidence: 48%

“…The issues of Measure and Resend discussed above (namely, photon tagging and the multi-photoncounting attack as described) only apply to those protocols implementing the theoretical version of the Measure and Resend operation (consisting of a measurement and recreation of the qubit). Some newer SQKD protocols, in particular the "mirror" protocol introduced in [2], seek to mitigate these attacks by not requiring B to ever destructively measure and then prepare a fresh photon (while still maintaining a mathematical equivalence to the semiquantum model). The techniques used in [2] may be applicable to other semi-quantum protocols, including, perhaps, the one we describe in this work, making semi-quantum a practical possibility.…”

Section: B Practicality Of Semi-quantum Key Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some newer SQKD protocols, in particular the "mirror" protocol introduced in [2], seek to mitigate these attacks by not requiring B to ever destructively measure and then prepare a fresh photon (while still maintaining a mathematical equivalence to the semiquantum model). The techniques used in [2] may be applicable to other semi-quantum protocols, including, perhaps, the one we describe in this work, making semi-quantum a practical possibility. We feel that, even though with today's technology, standard "fullyquantum" protocols are easier to implement, there is still important practical research to studying semi-quantum protocols beyond their pure theoretical interest.…”

Section: B Practicality Of Semi-quantum Key Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our interest in studying this semi-quantum protocol, however, is from a theoretical perspective especially to see how security is affected with the classical user's theoretical limitation on not being able to perform certain measurements. However, the techniques used here may be applicable to other, potentially practical, SQKD protocols such as the recently developed "mirror" protocol [2]; we leave this practical study as interesting future work and restrict ourselves to a theoretical analysis in this paper.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Semiquantum key distribution with high quantum noise tolerance

Amer

Krawec

2019

Phys. Rev. A

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Semi-quantum key distribution protocols are designed to allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary, even when one of the users is restricted to measuring and preparing quantum states in one single basis. While interesting from a theoretical standpoint, these protocols have the disadvantage that a two-way quantum communication channel is necessary which generally limits their theoretical efficiency and noise tolerance. In this paper, we construct a new semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol which actually takes advantage of this necessary two-way channel, and, after performing an information theoretic security analysis against collective attacks, we show it is able to tolerate a channel noise level higher than any prior SQKD protocol to-date. We also compare the noise tolerance of our protocol to other two-way fully quantum protocols, along with BB84 with Classical Advantage Distillation (CAD). We also comment on some practical issues involving semi-quantum key distribution (in particular, concerning the potential complexity in physical implementation of our protocol as compared with other standard QKD protocols). Finally, we develop techniques that can be applied to the security analysis of other (S)QKD protocols reliant on a two-way quantum communication channel.

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Multi‐Party Semi‐Quantum Key Distribution Protocol With Four‐Particle Cluster States

Zhou

Zhu

Zou³

2019

Annalen der Physik

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The application of semi‐quantum conception can provide unconditional secure communication for communicators without quantum capabilities. A semi‐quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol based on four‐particle cluster states is put forward, which can achieve key distribution among one quantum party and two classical parties simultaneously. Furthermore, this protocol can be expanded to the χ‐party (χ>3) communication scheme. Compared with the existing multi‐party SQKD protocol, the proposed protocol and the extended one own more excellent time efficiency and qubit efficiency. The security of the proposed SQKD protocol under ideal circumstances is validated while the key rate under non‐ideal conditions is calculated.

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Experimentally feasible protocol for semiquantum key distribution

Cited by 64 publications

References 14 publications

Semi-quantum cryptography

Semi-quantum cryptography

Semiquantum key distribution with high quantum noise tolerance

Multi‐Party Semi‐Quantum Key Distribution Protocol With Four‐Particle Cluster States

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