Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Bildung der primären Stirnauswüchse beim Reh (Capreolus capreolus L.)

Hartwig, H.; Schrudde, J

doi:10.1007/bf01901843

Cited by 58 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Pedicles and antlers are derived from a region of the periosteum overlying the frontal bone that is known as 'antlerogenic periosteum' (AP). AP was first identified after a series of transplantation experiments (Hartwig & Schrudde 1974). These authors found that when the periosteum overlying a fawn's pedicle was transplanted onto the foreleg a pedicle and an antler developed at that site.…”

Section: Antler Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Price

Allen

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of repeated rounds of regeneration; every year they are shed and regrow from a blastema into large branched structures of cartilage and bone that are used for fighting and display. Longitudinal growth is by a process of modified endochondral ossification and in some species this can exceed 2 cm per day, representing the fastest rate of organ growth in the animal kingdom. However, despite their value as a unique model of mammalian regeneration the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We review what is currently known about the local and systemic regulation of antler regeneration and some of the many unsolved questions of antler physiology are discussed. Molecules that we have identified as having potentially important local roles in antlers include parathyroid hormone-related peptide and retinoic acid (RA). Both are present in the blastema and in the rapidly growing antler where they regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. Recent studies have shown that blockade of RA signalling can alter cellular differentiation in the blastema in vivo. The trigger that regulates the expression of these local signals is likely to be changing levels of sex steroids because the process of antler regeneration is linked to the reproductive cycle. The natural assumption has been that the most important hormone is testosterone, however, at a cellular level oestrogen may be a more significant regulator. Our data suggest that exogenous oestrogen acts as a 'brake', inhibiting the proliferation of progenitor cells in the antler tip while stimulating their differentiation, thus inhibiting continued growth. Deciphering the mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate cell-cycle progression and cellular differentiation in antlers may help to address why regeneration is limited in other mammalian tissues.

show abstract

Section: Antler Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Price

Allen

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…tion and transplantation experiments that the antlerogenic potential resides exclusively in the periosteum of the frontal lateral crest of the deer skull (Hartwig and Schrudde, 1974;Goss 1987;Goss and Powel, 1985;Goss et al, 1964). The frontal lateral crest periosteum of female deer also has antlerogenic potential if it is sufficiently stimulated by exogenous androgen hormones (Wislocki et al, 1947;Jaczewski, 1982), although the only genus in which the females normally develop antlers is Rangifer (Lincoln, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Light microscopic studies of pedicle and early first antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

1994

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

At the pre-pedicle stage, the frontal lateral crest (under 5 mm in height) consisted horizontally of antlerogenic periosteum and underlying cancellous bone. Both the cellular layer (3.74 times, P < 0.01) and the fibrous layer of the antlerogenic periosteum were much thicker than those of the margin of the antlerogenic region or the facial periosteum. The crest was formed through intramembranous ossification. When the pedicle began to develop (5-15 mm in height), some discrete clusters of mature chondrocytes appeared in the bony trabeculae, which signified the beginning of the transition of the ossification pattern from the intramembranous to the endochondral. The pedicle consisted of three portions from distal to proximal, periosteum/perichondrium, osseocartilaginous tissue, and osseous tissue. When the pedicle became visible (about 20 mm in height), it consisted of the same three portions as the pedicle initiation stage, but the osseocartilaginous portion was expanded compared to the initiation stage and the cartilaginous proportion increased distally. When the pedicle grew to 25-40 mm in height, continuous cartilaginous trabeculae appeared under the apical perichondrium. The pedicle consisted of four portions from distal to proximal: perichondrium, cartilaginous tissue, osseocartilaginous tissue, osseous tissue. It was formed through endochondral ossification. All these ossification pattern changes could not be seen externally as the overlying integument was characterised by typical scalp skin. When the pedicle grew to about 60 mm in height, antler tissue was visually apparent at the apex as the hair type changed from scalp hair to the velvet-like hair of growing antler. However, this transformation could not be distinguished internally as the inside tissues were all continuous between pedicle and antler. Therefore, the histogenesis of the deer pedicle and the first antler originated from the antlerogenic cells and covered two phases: an internal phase through which pedicle was formed and an external phase which signalled the beginning of antlerogenesis.

show abstract

“…The ectopically formed antlers, which in extracranial sites were much smaller than normal antlers, were covered with velvet during growth and were regenerated in synchrony with the normal antlers ( fig. 3 ) [21][22][23][24] . Rotation of the AP by 180° caused a reversed anterior-posterior axis of the subsequently formed antlers, indicating that the AP carries morphogenetic information for axial orientation of the antler [25] .…”

Section: Significance Of the Antlerogenic Periosteum For Pedicle And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surgical removal of this 'antlerogenic periosteum' (AP) [8] in young deer prevents pedicle and antler formation, and autologous transplantation of AP (but not of periosteum from elsewhere on the frontals) to other sites causes ectopic pedicle and antler growth [21][22][23] . The ectopically formed antlers, which in extracranial sites were much smaller than normal antlers, were covered with velvet during growth and were regenerated in synchrony with the normal antlers ( fig.…”

Section: Significance Of the Antlerogenic Periosteum For Pedicle And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deer Antlers – A Model of Mammalian Appendage Regeneration: An Extensive Review

Kierdorf

2010

Gerontology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Compared with other vertebrate taxa, mammals possess a very limited capacity for appendage regeneration. The antlers of deer are an exception in that they are periodically lost and fully regenerated throughout the life of an individual. Objective: In this paper we compare certain aspects of antler regeneration with regenerative processes in other vertebrates. Methods: Review of the literature. Results: Recent studies suggest that antler regeneration is a stem cell-based process and that these stem cells are located in the pedicle periosteum. There is evidence that signaling pathways known to operate during appendage regeneration in other vertebrates are also activated during antler regeneration. There are, however, also differences between antlers and other systems of epimorphic regeneration. Thus, contrary to amphibian limb regeneration, signaling from the wound epidermis appears not to be of crucial importance for antler regeneration. Healing of the casting wound typically involves no or only minor scarring, making antlers interesting subjects for researchers attempting to reduce scar formation during wound healing in humans. The fact that despite their enormous growth rate the antlers of intact and castrated deer appear to be resistant to malignant transformation furthermore offers research opportunities for cancer biology. Conclusions: Studying antler renewal as an example of mammalian appendage regeneration may provide crucial information for regenerative medicine to achieve its ultimate goal of stimulating limb regeneration in humans. A deeper understanding of the developmental mechanisms involved in antler renewal can also be useful for controlling induced regeneration processes in mammals.

show abstract

Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Bildung der primären Stirnauswüchse beim Reh (Capreolus capreolus L.)

Cited by 58 publications

References 6 publications

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Light microscopic studies of pedicle and early first antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Deer Antlers – A Model of Mammalian Appendage Regeneration: An Extensive Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About