“…Currently, research on the stability and bearing capacity of steel frame materials with defects mostly focuses on large and complex structures, such as mesh frames and mesh shell structures. The defects studied are primarily initial geometrical defects and residual stresses in the structure or members [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Usually, the initial geometric defects mainly refer to the buckling of the bar, increasing the perturbation and deformation of the material, and the defects’ shape can be simulated by sinusoidal waves [ 14 ].…”