Experiments on the liberation of phosphate from the muscles of the human forearm during vigorous exercise and on the action of sodium phosphate on forearm muscle blood vessels

Barcroft, H.; Foley, T. H.; McSwiney, R. R.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009390

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Additionally, the range of changes in potassium and osmolarity are probably not great enough to explain the range of blood flow increases seen in contracting muscles during exercise (316,317,431,446). Similar issues apply to other electrolytes (26).…”

Section: Potassium and Osmolaritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Joyner

Casey

2015

Physiological Reviews

581

513

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LJoyner MJ, Casey DP. Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs. Physiol Rev 95: 549 -601, 2015; doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2013.-This review focuses on how blood flow to contracting skeletal muscles is regulated during exercise in humans. The idea is that blood flow to the contracting muscles links oxygen in the atmosphere with the contracting muscles where it is consumed. In this context, we take a top down approach and review the basics of oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in humans, how these values change with training, and the systemic hemodynamic adaptations that support them. We highlight the very high muscle blood flow responses to exercise discovered in the 1980s. We also discuss the vasodilating factors in the contracting muscles responsible for these very high flows. Finally, the competition between demand for blood flow by contracting muscles and maximum systemic cardiac output is discussed as a potential challenge to blood pressure regulation during heavy large muscle mass or whole body exercise in humans. At this time, no one dominant dilator mechanism accounts for exercise hyperemia. Additionally, complex interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the microcirculation facilitate high levels of systemic oxygen extraction and permit just enough sympathetic control of blood flow to contracting muscles to regulate blood pressure during large muscle mass exercise in humans.

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Section: Potassium and Osmolaritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Joyner

Casey

2015

Physiological Reviews

581

513

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Our hindlimb preparation contained both white-and red-fibered muscle, which may account for the difference between our results and those of Hilton and Chir (3). Barcroft et al (20) reported that phosphate concentrations increased by 20% in blood from contracting human forearm muscle in which blood flow increased tenfold. However, when blood phosphate concentrations were increased as much as fourfold above control by infusion of a mixture of NaH 2 PO 4 and Na 2 HPO 4 , flow did not change.…”

Section: Dog Hindlimb Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Adenine Nucleotides, Adenosine, and Inorganic Phosphate in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow

Dobson

Rubio

Berne

1971

Circulation Research

203

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Experiments were performed on isolated frog sartorius muscle and in situ dog skeletal muscle to determine whether adenine nucleotides and their degradation products are released during contraction in concentrations capable of producing arteriolar dilation. ATP was not detectable ( < 1 O -8 M ) in the bathing solution of the resting or contracting frog sartorius muscle. Inorganic phosphate (P,) in the muscle bath increased from 9 x lO" 6 ** to 28 X K Hŵ ith 30 minutes of contraction (2 Hz) or with rest. With the dog hindlimb preparation, ATP, ADP, and AMP were not detectable ( < 5 X 1 0~8 M ) in the venous blood collected after 5 minutes of ischemic contraction whereas P t was present at a concentration of 3.7 X ICMM. Arterial blood levels required to elicit detectable vasodilation for ATP, ADP, AMP, and P, were 28.7 X 1(HM, 27.1 X K H M , 31.4 X K H M and 7.2 X IO^M, respectively. The adenosine concentration in dog muscle increased from 0.7 to 1.5 nmole/g with ischemic contraction, and hypoxanthine and inosine increased from 4.5 to 8.5 nmole/g and 2.0 to 5.5 nmole/g, respectively. The adenosine concentration in venous plasma collected from the hindlimb immediately after termination of the ischemic contraction period was 2.2 X 10~7M as compared to 0.4 X 10~7M in control venous and arterial blood samples. Hypoxanthine and inosine concentrations in venous blood increased 22-and 270-fold, respectively, following ischemic contraction. The calculated interstitial fluid adenosine concentration was twice the arterial concentration of adenosine required to elicit maximal arteriolar dilation. These findings suggest that adenosine may play a role in the metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow, whereas ATP, ADP, AMP, and P, may not. KEY WORDSautoregulation of blood flow inosine hypoxanthine skeletal muscle ischemia skeletal muscle contraction peripheral resistance reactive hyperemia functional hyperemia purine derivatives in muscle vascular smooth muscle tone dog frog• For a number of years, the adenine nucleotides have been periodically suggested as mediators of the vasodilation associated with an increase in metabolic activity or

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“…In this way the roles of oxygen, hydrogen ion, potassium, osmolarity and magnesium have been considered (Haddy & Scott, 1968; Scott, Rudko, Radawski & Haddy, 1970), but none appear to be satisfactory either on the grounds of potency, or ofthe amounts detected in the venous effluent, or both. The role of inorganic phosphate has also been investigated in this manner by Barcroft, Foley & McSwiney (1971). They found that during vigorous exercise of the forearm muscles the phosphate in the venous effluent increased in concentration by 20 %.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An estimate of adenosine triphosphate release into the venous effluent from exercising human forearm muscle

Forrester¹

1972

The Journal of Physiology

142

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SUMMARY1. Human subjects performed a sustained contraction of the forearm muscles for 4 min in the presence of arterial and venous occlusion.2. The contraction was maintained at 5 % of the maximum voluntary contraction, a tension during which the muscle blood flow might be expected to increase by about three times (Lind & McNicol, 1967).3. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was identified in the venous effluent from occluded exercising forearm, but not in the venous effluent from occluded forearm without exercise.4. The rate of degradation of ATP was assessed in plasma at 370 C, with an estimate of the percentage loss occurring between sampling and testing. This enabled the rate of appearance of ATP in the blood at the time of exercise to be calculated as approximately 7-5-105 ,ug/min (14-20 n-

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Experiments on the liberation of phosphate from the muscles of the human forearm during vigorous exercise and on the action of sodium phosphate on forearm muscle blood vessels

Cited by 30 publications

References 8 publications

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Role of Adenine Nucleotides, Adenosine, and Inorganic Phosphate in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow

An estimate of adenosine triphosphate release into the venous effluent from exercising human forearm muscle

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