Experiments Relating to the Pathology and the Etiology of Mexican Typhus (Tabardillo): 1. Clinical Course and Pathologic Anatomy of Tabardillo in Guinea-Pigs

Mooser, H.

doi:10.1093/infdis/43.3.241

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This reaction was less severe than that observed when using blood from a Rocky Mountain spotted fever victim but was absent using blood from cases of epidemic typhus and true Brill's disease (i.e., Brill-Zinsser disease) [85]. In 1928 Hermann Mooser found that rickettsial multiplication occurred in the tunica vaginalis of the testes [86]; this scrotal reaction subsequently became known as the Neill-Mooser reaction. In an era before the availability of specific serological tests and genetic sequencing, the Neill-Mooser reaction provided a method to differentiate FBT from epidemic typhus and Brill-Zinsser disease [87].…”

Section: The Epidemiology and Ecology Of Flea-borne Typhus Is Deducedmentioning

confidence: 94%

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

Anstead

2020

TropicalMed

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Flea-borne typhus, due to Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, and diverse organ manifestations. Although most cases are self-limited, 26%-28% have complications and up to one-third require intensive care. Flea-borne typhus was recognized as an illness similar to epidemic typhus, but having a milder course, in the Southeastern United States and TX from 1913 into the 1920s. Kenneth Maxcy of the US Public Health Service (USPHS) first described the illness in detail and proposed a rodent reservoir and an arthropod vector. Other investigators of the USPHS (

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Section: The Epidemiology and Ecology Of Flea-borne Typhus Is Deducedmentioning

confidence: 94%

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

Anstead

2020

TropicalMed

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“…However, the epithet Dermacentroxenus was later abandoned in favor of Rickettsia , to recognize Howard Ricketts, who had discovered the causative organisms of both RMSF and epidemic typhus [ 151 ]. Microbiologist José L. Monteiro named the organism R. mooseri in 1931 [ 152 ] to honor rickettsiologist Hermann Mooser, who had studied the pathogenesis of FBT in the 1920s and differentiated it from epidemic typhus [ 153 ]. Cornelius Philip of the US Army Medical School proposed the name R. typhi in 1943 [ 154 ] and this has been the valid name since 1980 [ 155 ].…”

Section: Nomenclature Of Flea-borne Typhus and Its Etiological Agementioning

confidence: 99%

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums. II. The Decline and Resurgence of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1945–2019

Anstead

2020

TropicalMed

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Flea-borne typhus, due to Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, and diverse organ manifestations that can result in critical illness or death. This is the second part of a two-part series describing the rise, decline, and resurgence of flea-borne typhus (FBT) in the United States over the last century. These studies illustrate the influence of historical events, social conditions, technology, and public health interventions on the prevalence of a vector-borne disease. Flea-borne typhus was an emerging disease, primarily in the Southern USA and California, from 1910 to 1945. The primary reservoirs in this period were the rats Rattus norvegicus and Ra. rattus and the main vector was the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). The period 1930 to 1945 saw a dramatic rise in the number of reported cases. This was due to conditions favorable to the proliferation of rodents and their fleas during the Depression and World War II years, including: dilapidated, overcrowded housing; poor environmental sanitation; and the difficulty of importing insecticides and rodenticides during wartime. About 42,000 cases were reported between 1931–1946, and the actual number of cases may have been three-fold higher. The number of annual cases of FBT peaked in 1944 at 5401 cases. American involvement in World War II, in the short term, further perpetuated the epidemic of FBT by the increased production of food crops in the American South and by promoting crowded and unsanitary conditions in the Southern cities. However, ultimately, World War II proved to be a powerful catalyst in the control of FBT by improving standards of living and providing the tools for typhus control, such as synthetic insecticides and novel rodenticides. A vigorous program for the control of FBT was conducted by the US Public Health Service from 1945 to 1952, using insecticides, rodenticides, and environmental sanitation and remediation. Government programs and relative economic prosperity in the South also resulted in slum clearance and improved housing, which reduced rodent harborage. By 1956, the number of cases of FBT in the United States had dropped dramatically to only 98. Federally funded projects for rat control continued until the mid-1980s. Effective antibiotics for FBT, such as the tetracyclines, came into clinical practice in the late 1940s. The first diagnostic test for FBT, the Weil-Felix test, was found to have inadequate sensitivity and specificity and was replaced by complement fixation in the 1940s and the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the 1980s. A second organism causing FBT, R. felis, was discovered in 1990. Flea-borne typhus persists in the United States, primarily in South and Central Texas, the Los Angeles area, and Hawaii. In the former two areas, the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and cats have replaced rats as the primary reservoirs, with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) now as the most important vector. In Hawaii, 73% of cases occur in Maui County because it has lower rainfall than other areas. Despite great successes against FBT in the post-World War II era, it has proved difficult to eliminate because it is now associated with our companion animals, stray pets, opossums, and the cat flea, an abundant and non-selective vector. In the new millennium, cases of FBT are increasing in Texas and California. In 2018–2019, Los Angeles County experienced a resurgence of FBT, with rats as the reservoir.

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“…La primera descripción clínica del tifus murino fue realizada en 1913 por Paullin en Atlanta, luego Neill estudió la enfermedad en cobayos, los cuales desarrollaban signos clínicos después una inyección intra-peritoneal de sangre de pacientes infectados con tifus (23)(24)(25). Desde la década de 1920, Mooser empezó a realizar estudios que condujeron a la diferenciación del tifus endémico y el tifus epidémico, importante para la descripción epidemiológica en diferentes partes del mundo (25)(26)(27). En esa misma década, el epidemiólogo Maxcy (28), sugirió que la transmisión del tifus endémico a los humanos se daba a través de la picadura de pulgas (Xenopsylla cheopis).…”

Section: Historia Del Tifus Murinounclassified

Rickettsiosis, una enfermedad letal emergente y re-emergente en Colombia

2012

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Rickettsiosis was first described in Colombia in 1937 by Dr Luis Patiño during an outbreak of a disease with unspecific signs. Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative intracellular obligatory bacteria having caused several epidemics around the world, and are transmitted mainly by ticks, fleas, lice and mites. The most fatal within this group of diseases is known as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF), which is caused by Rickettsia rickettsia. There is also the endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi and epidemic typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. In Colombia, several outbreaks of RMSF have occurred during the last decade. The best known among those have hit the municipalities of Necoclí and Turbo, in Antioquia in 2006 and 2008 respectively, and Los Cordobas in the department of Cordoba in 2007. The goal of this review is to describe the state of the art of rickettsiosis, a forgotten lethal disease that has re-emerged in our country, and leave some questions as an inspiration for future research that will hopefully lead scientists to a better understanding of this entity potentially endemic in some areas of Colombia. Key words: outbreak, emerging, reservoir, rickettsiosis, vector, typhus, zoonoses.

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Experiments Relating to the Pathology and the Etiology of Mexican Typhus (Tabardillo): 1. Clinical Course and Pathologic Anatomy of Tabardillo in Guinea-Pigs

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums. II. The Decline and Resurgence of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1945–2019

Rickettsiosis, una enfermedad letal emergente y re-emergente en Colombia

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