Explaining the variability in recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, iron and zinc for adults and elderly people

Doets, Esmée L.; Cavelaars, Adriënne E J M; Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A.M.; Veer, P. van ‘t; Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M. de

doi:10.1017/s1368980011002643

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, this vitamin B12 cannot or only partly bind to the intrinsic factor, and so absorption of vitamin B12 does not take place or only to a lesser extent. Absorption of crystalline vitamin B12 is usually not affected in subjects with food-bound malabsorption, and therefore most European countries recommend elderly people to consume a high proportion of their vitamin B12 intake as fortified foods and supplements [1]. In two studies investigating absorption from bread, squash or milk fortified with 0.25-0.5 µg vitamin B12, an absorption between 55 and 74% was observed [12,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variation in these recommendations results from different approaches used for estimating vitamin B12 requirements and from different assumptions regarding the interindividual variation in requirements [1]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The factorial approach may serve as an alternative until more dose-response evidence becomes available. As shown previously, European recommendations on vitamin B12 intake for adults and elderly established using the factorial approach (The Netherlands and France) are based on a limited number of studies that were published between 1963 and 2001 (box 1) [1]. Assumptions underlying these recommendations were mainly focused on the prevention of severe deficiency symptoms, whereas long-term health outcomes were not taken into account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review on Daily Vitamin B12 Losses and Bioavailability for Deriving Recommendations on Vitamin B12 Intake with the Factorial Approach

et al. 2013

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Aims: To systematically review the literature on daily losses and bioavailability of vitamin B12. These estimates could be used for deriving recommendations on vitamin B12 intake for adults and elderly. Methods: We identified publications on daily vitamin B12 losses (July 2011) and publications on the bioavailability of vitamin B12 from foods or diets (June 2010) in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Results: A pooled analysis of five studies (52 subjects) showed that 0.13 ± 0.03% of the total body store is lost per day. Absorption of vitamin B12 ranged from 4.5 (dose of 38 µg from consumption of liver) to 83% (dose of 3.0 µg from consumption of mutton meat). Data from eight studies including 83 subjects suggested that the amount of vitamin B12 absorbed from food (A_i) increased with increasing doses of vitamin B12 (D_i) as described by the equation: ln(A_i) = 0.7694 * ln(D_i) - 0.9614. Conclusion: Daily vitamin B12 losses in apparently healthy adults and elderly probably range from 1.4 to 5.1 µg. Vitamin B12 intakes needed to compensate for these losses seem to range from 3.8 to 20.7 µg. More evidence is needed on the relationships between biochemical markers of vitamin B12 status, vitamin B12 body store and long-term health outcomes to evaluate whether current recommendations on vitamin B12 intake (1.4-3 µg) need to be changed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review on Daily Vitamin B12 Losses and Bioavailability for Deriving Recommendations on Vitamin B12 Intake with the Factorial Approach

et al. 2013

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“…The RDA is the amount that will meet the daily requirement of almost all (97.5%) individuals and can be calculated by adding two standard deviations to the EAR value. Various institutions and organizations have given widely varying estimates for physiological iron requirements and the bioavailability of dietary iron [20], and hence large variations exist among iron recommendations in different countries [21]. In Europe alone, RDAs of iron for children aged 1-3 years vary between 4 and 15 mg/day [22].…”

Section: Iron Requirement and Recommended Iron Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Intake and Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Europe: A Systematic Review

et al. 2015

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Background: Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of iron deficiency because of their rapidly developing brain. This review evaluates the prevalence of inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency (anaemia) in European children aged 6-36 months. Summary: Computerized searches for relevant articles were performed in November 2013. A total of 7,297 citations were screened and 44 studies conducted in 19 European countries were included in this review. In both infants (6-12 months) and young children (12-36 months), the mean value of iron intakes in most countries was close to the RDA. Nevertheless, proportions of inadequate intakes were considerable, ranging from about 10% in the Netherlands up to 50% in Austria, Finland and the United Kingdom. The prevalence of iron deficiency varied between studies and was influenced by children's characteristics. Two to 25% of infants aged 6-12 months were found to be iron deficient, with a higher prevalence in those who were socially vulnerable and those who were drinking cow's milk as a main type of drink in their first year of life. In children aged 12-36 months, prevalence rates of iron deficiency varied between 3 and 48%. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in both age groups was high in Eastern Europe, as high as 50%, whereas the prevalence in Western Europe was generally below 5%. Key Messages: In most European countries, mean iron intakes of infants and children aged 6 to 36 months were found to be close to the RDA. Nevertheless, high proportions of inadequate intakes and high prevalence rates of iron deficiency were observed. Health programs should (keep) focus(ing) on iron malnutrition by educating parents on food choices for their children with iron-rich and iron-fortified foods, and encourage iron supplementation programmes where iron intakes are the lowest.

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“…The recommended daily intakes (RDIs) for vitamin B 6 , folate and vitamin B 12 as established by the Food and Nutrition Board [31], the Health Council of The Netherlands [32] and the EURRECA network [33,34,35] are shown in table 1.…”

Section: B Vitaminsmentioning

confidence: 99%

B Vitamins and n–3 Fatty Acids for Brain Development and Function: Review of Human Studies

Rest

Hooijdonk²,

Doets³

et al. 2012

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: Nutrition is one of many factors that affect brain development and functioning, and in recent years the role of certain nutrients has been investigated. B vitamins and n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are two of the most promising and widely studied nutritional factors. Methods: In this review, we provide an overview of human studies published before August 2011 on how vitamin B₆, folate, vitamin B₁₂ and n–3 PUFA may affect the brain, their nutrient status and the existing evidence for an association between these nutrients and brain development, brain functioning and depression during different stages of the life cycle. Results: No recommendation can be given regarding a role of B vitamins, either because the number of studies on B vitamins is too limited (pregnant and lactating women and children) or the studies are not consistent (adults and elderly). For n–3 PUFA, observational evidence may be suggestive of a beneficial effect; however, this has not yet been sufficiently replicated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Conclusions: We found that the existing evidence from observational studies as well as RCTs is generally too limited and contradictory to draw firm conclusions. More research is needed, particularly a combination of good-quality long-term prospective studies and well-designed RCTs.

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Explaining the variability in recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B₁₂, iron and zinc for adults and elderly people

Cited by 24 publications

References 73 publications

Systematic Review on Daily Vitamin B12 Losses and Bioavailability for Deriving Recommendations on Vitamin B12 Intake with the Factorial Approach

Systematic Review on Daily Vitamin B12 Losses and Bioavailability for Deriving Recommendations on Vitamin B12 Intake with the Factorial Approach

Iron Intake and Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Europe: A Systematic Review

B Vitamins and n–3 Fatty Acids for Brain Development and Function: Review of Human Studies

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Explaining the variability in recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B12, iron and zinc for adults and elderly people

Cited by 24 publications

References 73 publications

Systematic Review on Daily Vitamin B12 Losses and Bioavailability for Deriving Recommendations on Vitamin B12 Intake with the Factorial Approach

Systematic Review on Daily Vitamin B12 Losses and Bioavailability for Deriving Recommendations on Vitamin B12 Intake with the Factorial Approach

Iron Intake and Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Europe: A Systematic Review

B Vitamins and n–3 Fatty Acids for Brain Development and Function: Review of Human Studies

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Explaining the variability in recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B₁₂, iron and zinc for adults and elderly people