“…Ferrero, 1995;Grasselli, 2005;Aziz and Jalalifar, 2007) or by structural elements formulated in the software (e.g. Malmgren and Nordlund, 2008;Liu, Huang, and Li, 2012;Gao, Stead, and Kang, 2015;Karampinos, Hadjigeorgiou, and Turcotte, 2016;Karampinos, Hadjigeorgiou, and Pierce, 2018;Bahrani and Hadjigeorgiou, 2018). Both approaches are valid, although the fine mesh size requirements for simulating rock reinforcement via material models are computationally intensive.…”