2017
DOI: 10.1037/dev0000244
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Explicit scaffolding increases simple helping in younger infants.

Abstract: Infants become increasingly helpful during the second year. We investigated experimentally whether adults' explicit scaffolding influences this development. Infants (N = 69, 13-18 months) participated in a series of simple helping tasks. Half of infants received explicit scaffolding (encouragement and praise), whereas the other half did not. Among younger infants (below 15 months), infants who received explicit scaffolding helped twice as often as infants in the control group, and helped more also on several s… Show more

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Cited by 52 publications
(67 citation statements)
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“…The present findings complement recent research on the role of social learning processes in infants’ early helping behavior, as they suggest that children's prosocial development is potentially affected not only by direct and active structuring of helping situations by others (e.g., Dahl, ; Dahl et al., ; Hammond & Carpendale, ; Kärtner, ; Köster, Cavalcante, et al., ; Köster, Schuhmacher, & Kärtner, ; Pettygrove, Hammond, Karahuta, Waugh, & Brownell, ; Waugh, Brownell, & Pollock, ) but also through learning by the observation of prosocial models. In particular, our experimental studies show that observing prosocial models is an effective social learning mechanism by which infant's early helping behaviors, and possibly, their prosocial motivation can be influenced.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 85%
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“…The present findings complement recent research on the role of social learning processes in infants’ early helping behavior, as they suggest that children's prosocial development is potentially affected not only by direct and active structuring of helping situations by others (e.g., Dahl, ; Dahl et al., ; Hammond & Carpendale, ; Kärtner, ; Köster, Cavalcante, et al., ; Köster, Schuhmacher, & Kärtner, ; Pettygrove, Hammond, Karahuta, Waugh, & Brownell, ; Waugh, Brownell, & Pollock, ) but also through learning by the observation of prosocial models. In particular, our experimental studies show that observing prosocial models is an effective social learning mechanism by which infant's early helping behaviors, and possibly, their prosocial motivation can be influenced.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 85%
“…In particular, our experimental studies show that observing prosocial models is an effective social learning mechanism by which infant's early helping behaviors, and possibly, their prosocial motivation can be influenced. Moreover, observational learning might be particularly effective in older infants (i.e., 16‐month‐olds) whereas scaffolding more strongly affects helping in younger infants (i.e., 12–15 months; see Dahl, ; Dahl et al., ). Thereby, our findings also refer to the importance of prosocial role models (i.e., caretakers and other persons that children can observe regularly), as they critically affect children's early prosocial development.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…For instance, naturalistic methods can indicate whether two variables covary in everyday life, whereas experimental methods can indicate whether one variable causes changes in the other (40). Following up on the naturalistic finding that parents encourage infant helping (6), in an experimental study, encouragement and praise increased infant helping (43). The complementary roles of naturalistic and experimental methods are rarely noted in contemporary developmental science.…”
Section: The Complementary Roles Of Naturalistic and Experimental Metmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In its early emergence, parents scaffold infants' helping behavior, which indeed leads to enhanced helping [15,33]. Towards the end of the second year of life it becomes a routinized behavior [34][35].…”
Section: A Multidimensional Approach To Early Prosocial Behaviormentioning
confidence: 99%