Exploding core collapse supernovae with jittering jets

Abstract

We argue that jittering jets, i.e. jets that have their launching direction rapidly change, launched by the newly formed neutron star in a core‐collapse supernova can explode the star. We show that under a wide range of parameters the fast narrow jets deposit their energy inside the star via shock waves, and form two hot bubbles, that eventually merge, accelerate the rest of the star and lead to the explosion. To prevent the jets from penetrating through the collapsing stellar core and escape with their energy, instead of forming the hot bubbles, the jets should be prevented from drilling a hole through the star. This condition can be met if the jets’ axis rapidly changes its direction. This process of depositing jets’ energy into the ambient medium is termed the penetrating jet feedback mechanism. The feedback exists in that the neutron star (or a black hole) at the centre of the core‐collapse supernova shuts off its own growth by exploding the star. The jets deposit their energy at a distance of ∼1000 km from the centre and expel the mass above that radius. In our model, the material near the stalled shock at several hundreds kilometers from the centre is not expelled, but it is rather accreted and feed the accretion disc that blows the jets. The neutrinos might influence the accretion flow, but in the proposed model their role in exploding the star is small.

The jet feedback mechanism (JFM) in stars, galaxies and clusters

“…The changing direction prevents the jets from drilling out of the core. The non-penetrating condition for the jets to deposit their energy in the core, a radius of thousands of km, was driven by Papish & Soker (2011). In the jittering-jet mechanism there is no need to revive the accretion shock, and it is a mechanism based on a JFM.…”

“…To overcome this challenge the jittering-jets mechanism was constructed (Soker 2010a;Papish & Soker 2011, supplied with the idea that accretion belts can launch jets . The angular momentum source is the convective regions in the pre-collapse core (Gilkis & Soker 2014, and, more likely, instabilities in the shocked region of the collapsing core, such as the standing accretion shock instability (SASI; Papish et al 2016).…”

The supernova–gamma-ray burst–jet connection

“…A successful gamma-ray burst requires the engine to be active for longer than the shock-breakout time. Bromberg et al [46] and Lazzati et al [47] have used this picture to explore the consequences of the relative durations for the resulting supernovae and gamma-ray bursts (an alternative jet scenario is presented by Papish & Soker [48]):…”

The two promising scenarios to explode core collapse supernovae

“…Although the notion that jets play a role in some CCSNe is old, the idea that all CCSNe are exploded by jets and that the jets operate via a negative JFM is relatively new (e.g., Papish & Soker 2011; review by . The main problem for scenarios that are based on the JFM is to supply the required angular momentum to form an accretion disk or an accretion belt around the newly born neutron star (or a black hole).…”