Exploiting external reflection FTIR spectroscopy for the in-situ identification of pigments and binders in illuminated manuscripts. Brochantite and posnjakite as a case study

Zaffino, Chiara; Guglielmi, Vittoria; Faraone, S.; Vinaccia, Alessandro; Bruni, Silvia

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.132

Cited by 52 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Considering the region of interest towards the near infrared, a peculiar broad absorption peak is detectable at 4276 cm −1 , exhibiting a shoulder at 4423 cm −1 . According to literature data [20], the presence of these two signals, together with a weak absorption at 3533 cm −1 and with an inverted band at 1081 cm −1 , can be assigned to brochantite, a green copper sulphate (CuSO 4 •3Cu(OH) 2 ). Calcium carbonate is the predominant signal in the flesh tone area (T4), and it coexists with gypsum in the pink border decoration (T6).…”

Section: A Flemish Book Of Hoursmentioning

confidence: 82%

Non-invasive identification of paint binders in illuminated manuscripts by ER-FTIR spectroscopy: a systematic study of the influence of different pigments on the binders’ characteristic spectral features

Nodari

Ricciardi

2019

Herit Sci

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This paper presents the results of a study of pigment-binder systems painted on parchment, both in the form of reference samples prepared in the laboratory, and of medieval and Renaissance illuminated manuscripts, by means of contactless Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The research is aimed at validating external reflection FTIR (ER-FTIR) as a non-invasive method for the identification of paint binders in works of art on parchment. Based on a systematic FTIR investigation undertaken both in attenuated total reflection (ATR) and ER mode, we discuss the possibility to effectively discriminate between different binders, and the way in which the presence of a number of pigments can modify the spectral features of the pigment-binder system. The study reveals that gum Arabic can usually be discriminated from egg-based binders such as egg yolk and egg white, both in paintouts and in real artworks. Amongst all the pigments investigated, carbonates such as azurite and lead white are those that most significantly hinder the correct identification of the paint medium.

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Section: A Flemish Book Of Hoursmentioning

confidence: 82%

Non-invasive identification of paint binders in illuminated manuscripts by ER-FTIR spectroscopy: a systematic study of the influence of different pigments on the binders’ characteristic spectral features

Nodari

Ricciardi

2019

Herit Sci

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“…These investigations aim to characterize the materials in the manuscripts and to elucidate the techniques which were applied for their production. Among the analytical techniques used for these purposes, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry in the reflection mode (rFTIR) has proved to be suitable for the characterization of several inorganic and organic materials encountered in manuscripts, such as the parchment support, pigments, contaminants, or degradation products [9–16], although the evaluation of reflection data is often complicated by the contribution of both, specular and diffuse reflection [10]. Nevertheless, the literature shows that azurite can easily be identified by several combination bands in the rFTIR spectrum, which are strongly enhanced compared to spectra obtained in transmission mode, and that the binding medium usually cannot be characterized, except in one case [16].…”

Section: Introduction/backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azurite in medieval illuminated manuscripts: a reflection-FTIR study concerning the characterization of binding media

2019

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In illuminated manuscripts, a reliable identification of oxyanion pigments such as azurite by rFTIR is simple, as several combination and overtone bands are strongly enhanced compared to transmission mode. However, the characterization of the used binding media is rather difficult, as the analysis of four medieval manuscripts from the late thirteenth to the fifteenth century (e.g. Cod. slav. 8 in the collection of the Austrian National Library), as well as the earliest known map of Vienna (Albertinischer Plan from 1421, Wien Museum) showed. According to the literature, mainly glair (egg white) and plant gums were applied as binding media for azurite. Moreover, both were used in many cases also as “varnishes” in order to improve optical and mechanical properties of the paint layer. In order to assess the possibilities and to distinguish between proteinaceous and carbohydrate binders, mock-ups with azurite were prepared on parchment support with various quantities of binders. Additionally, some of the specimen were varnished using the binders mentioned above. Furthermore, mock-ups on aluminium foil were prepared to evaluate the influence of the support on the reflection spectra. The results showed that the binding medium content in the mock-ups usually was too low for a reliable determination by rFTIR (except the ones with the highest contents), whereas it was possible to characterize the varnish materials. Only an insignificant influence of the support on the spectra from the mock-ups was observed. However, the spectra obtained from three manuscripts suggested a certain influence of the parchment support, which indicates thinner paint layers.

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“…Brochantite is obtained by the precipitation process at temperatures ranging from 30°C to 85°C and a maximum pH between 7.5 and 8. Brochantite is synthesized from a mixture of copper sulphate (CuSO 4 ) and a neutralizing agent, such as NaOH, Na 2 CO 3, or CaCO 3 . Posnjatike is a hydrated form of brochantite and is produced by precipitation under different temperature and pH conditions than brochantite …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper recovery from nickel laterite with high‐iron content: A continuous process from mining waste

et al. 2019

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The waste product from the hydrometallurgical processing of nickel laterite ores can contain valuable metals, making their recovery economically viable. However, the high‐impurities content, mainly iron, makes the process technically unfeasible. As a result, the separation of metals from the leach solution must be selective. Among the techniques available, the use of chelating resin is advantageous due to its selectivity and low energy consumption. Among the commercial chelating resins available, Dowex XUS 43605 has been shown to be highly selective for copper and can be used with a high impurities content. Although there are studies on the use of Dowex XUS 43605, none have evaluated a high impurities content and modelled a continuous process. For this reason, the aim of this work was to investigate copper recovery by a continuous process. The Dowex XUS 43605 chelating resin with HPPA functional group was used in ion‐exchange experiments. Column experiments were performed in two steps: loading (to recover copper) and elution (to obtain a copper‐rich solution). The removal of iron and the subsequent collection of copper were possible in a precipitation step using CaCO3. The results showed that the solution obtained from elution had a copper concentration that was 10 times higher than in the loading. All of the iron was removed from the elution solution at pH 3.5 with 5% of copper losses. Copper precipitation was possible at pH 5.5. From the results obtained, a proposed flowsheet for recovering copper was suggested.

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Exploiting external reflection FTIR spectroscopy for the in-situ identification of pigments and binders in illuminated manuscripts. Brochantite and posnjakite as a case study

Cited by 52 publications

References 29 publications

Non-invasive identification of paint binders in illuminated manuscripts by ER-FTIR spectroscopy: a systematic study of the influence of different pigments on the binders’ characteristic spectral features

Non-invasive identification of paint binders in illuminated manuscripts by ER-FTIR spectroscopy: a systematic study of the influence of different pigments on the binders’ characteristic spectral features

Azurite in medieval illuminated manuscripts: a reflection-FTIR study concerning the characterization of binding media

Copper recovery from nickel laterite with high‐iron content: A continuous process from mining waste

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