Exploiting Rateless Codes and Cross-Layer Optimization for Low-Power Wide-Area Networks

Chen, Gonglong; Lv, Jiamei; Dong, Wei

doi:10.1109/iwqos49365.2020.9212919

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In [16], a Reed-Solomon-based Forward Error Correction (FEC) is used to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) in LoRaWAN networks. [17] investigates the use of rateless codes to improve LoRa communication range and reduce energy consumption. To overcome the restrictions of low-duty cycle of LoRaWAN, the authors in [18] introduced a redundancy scheme based on repetition coding to increase PDR in the absence of an acknowledgment mechanism.…”

Section: Literature Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Network-Coding-based Forwarding for LoRaWAN Gateways

Al-Awami¹

2022

Preprint

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LoRaWAN is a promising IoT access technology that is growing in popularity. This study addresses the issue of duplicate packets forwarding by LoRaWAN gateways and proposes a novel forwarding scheme to eliminate forwarding duplicate packets by utilizing inter-flow network coding. The proposed scheme is distributed and requires no coordination between gateways. The proposed scheme is evaluated under different network and traffic conditions. The results show that substantial savings can be achieved in bandwidth leading to enhanced scalability of the network without increasing outgoing traffic.

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Section: Literature Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Network-Coding-based Forwarding for LoRaWAN Gateways

Al-Awami¹

2022

Preprint

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“…Sant'Ana et al propose a hybrid coding scheme, comprised of packet-replication and the use of linear XOR operations for the extension of battery lifetime [23]. Chen et al use Luby Transform (LT) codes on multiple versions of the same frame received by several gateways to recover the correct parts of the frame [24]. Angelopoulos et al apply rateless encoding on frames of 𝑘 symbols before transmission.…”

Section: Analysis Of DCmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divide and Code: Efficient and Real-time Data Recovery from Corrupted LoRa Frames

Yazdani

Kouvelas

Lucani

et al. 2022

2022 19th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)

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Due to power limitations and coexistence in ISM bands, up to 50% of the Long Range(LoRa)-frames are corrupted at low signal strengths (≈ −115dBm) and the built-in redundancy schemes in LoRa-Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) cannot correct the corrupted bytes. To address this, higher Spreading Factors (SF) are used resulting in wasted energy, increased traffic load, and highly compromised effective data rate. Our on-field experiments showed a high correlation in corruption of close-by frames. We propose a novel Divide & Code (DC) scheme for LoRaWANs as an alternative to using higher SF. DC pre-encodes LoRa payloads using lightweight and memoryless encoding. After receiving a corrupted frame, DC uses a combination of likely patterns of errors, Time Thresholds (TT), and splitting payloads into subgroups for batch processing to recover frames effectively and maintain low complexity and timely operation. Implementing DC on our LoRa-testbed, we show it outperforms vanilla-LoRaWAN and Reed-Solomon codes in decoding and energy consumption. We show that our schemes decode up to 80.5% of corrupted payloads on SF10 by trying only 0.03% of all patterns of error combinations. TT keeps processing times below 2 ms with only minor reductions in the decoding ratio of corrupted payloads. Finally, we show that introducing 30% redundancy with DC results in minimum energy consumption and high decoding ratio at low SNRs.

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“…Chen et al extend the lifetime and communication range of LoRaWAN, by introducing eLoRa, which recovers the correct parts of a packet by applying Luby codes (LT) on several versions of the packet that are received by multiple gateways. Further, eLoRa optimizes physical layer parameters to best serve lifetime and range requirements [13].…”

Section: B Constraints and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficient Data Recovery from Corrupted LoRa Frames

Yazdani

Kouvelas

Prasad

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)

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High frame-corruption is widely observed in Long Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) due to the coexistence with other networks in ISM bands and an Aloha-like MAC layer. LoRa's Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism is often insufficient to retrieve corrupted data. In fact, reallife measurements show that at least one-fourth of received transmissions are corrupted. When more frames are dropped, LoRa nodes usually switch over to higher spreading factors (SF), thus increasing transmission times and increasing the required energy. This paper introduces ReDCoS, a novel coding technique at the application layer that improves recovery of corrupted LoRa frames, thus reducing the overall transmission time and energy invested by LoRa nodes by several-fold. ReDCoS utilizes lightweight coding techniques to pre-encode the transmitted data. Therefore, the inbuilt Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) that follows is computed based on an already encoded data. At the receiver, we use both the CRC and the coded data to recover data from a corrupted frame beyond the built-in Error Correcting Code (ECC). We compare the performance of ReDCoS to (i) the standard FEC of vanilla-LoRaWAN, and to (ii) Reed Solomon (RS) coding applied as ECC to the data of LoRaWAN. The results indicated a 54x and 13.5x improvement of decoding ratio, respectively, when 20 data symbols were sent. Furthermore, we evaluated ReDCoS on-field using LoRa SX1261 transceivers showing that it outperformed RS-coding by factor of at least 2x (and up to 6x) in terms of the decoding ratio while consuming 38.5% less energy per correctly received transmission.

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Exploiting Rateless Codes and Cross-Layer Optimization for Low-Power Wide-Area Networks

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Network-Coding-based Forwarding for LoRaWAN Gateways

Network-Coding-based Forwarding for LoRaWAN Gateways

Divide and Code: Efficient and Real-time Data Recovery from Corrupted LoRa Frames

Energy Efficient Data Recovery from Corrupted LoRa Frames

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