Exploration for Au and PGE in the Polish Zechstein copper deposits (Kupferschiefer)

Piestrzyński, Adam; Sawłowicz, Zbigniew

doi:10.1016/s0375-6742(99)00020-5

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The temperatures of selenide formation are in the same temperature range as those in the hydrothermal hydrolysis experiments reported by Lewan and others [10] that created oil from Kupferschiefer rocks. In a 1978 experiment, Lewan [38] created oil in the laboratory by submerging crushed Kupferschiefer rocks in a 1-l container of water and heating it to temperatures between 300 and 360 C (greenschist metamorphic conditions) where after 72 hours it became temperature-equilibrated.…”

Section: High Temperature Suitementioning

confidence: 53%

“…The Kupferschiefer has accumulated as thin carbonaceous shale facies in depressions adjacent to the inferred silica-mud volcano(s) of the Weissliegend. The Kupferschiefer interfingers with the Boundary Dolomite (which was originally recognized by Krasoñ [9]) on the tops of the Weissliegend silica mounds (see Figure 4 in [10]). The Boundary Dolomite is a dolomite-cemented sandstone that rapidly grades downward into the main, structureless sandstone of the Weissliegend.…”

Section: Contributions To Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This downward chemical stratigraphy culminates in a very kerogen-rich, copper-rich, illiterich, shale at its base. The Kupferschiefer itself interfingers laterally with a unit widely referred to as the Boundary Dolomite [9], which rests on the top of Weissliegend silica mounds (see Figure 4 in [10]). The Boundary Dolomite is a dolomite-cemented sandstone that rapidly grades downward into the main, structureless sandstone of the Weissliegend.…”

Section: Zechstein Dolomites As a Chemical Carbonate Mudmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zechstein-Kupferschiefer Mineralization Reconsidered as a Product of Ultra-Deep Hydrothermal, Mud-Brine Volcanism

Keith¹,

Spieth²,

Rasmussen³

2018

Contributions to Mineralization

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The Kupferschiefer is a copper-, polymetallic-, hydrocarbon-bearing black shale of the lowermost Zechstein Group of Permo-Triassic age (252 Ma) in Germany and Poland. It is usually 1 m thick and underlies 600,000 km 2 , extending from Great Britain to Belarus for a distance of over 1500 km. At a district scale, copper has been mined for over 800 years since its discovery circa 1200 A.D. Mineralogical, chemical, and geological analyses of the combined Zechstein-Kupferschiefer show strong chemical and paragenetic relationships between the Zechstein salines, Kupferschiefer, and Weissliegend sandstones that lead to a broader, more unified, genetically linked model related to deep-sourced, hot, hydrothermal, mud-brine volcanism. The overall Zechstein-Kupferschiefer chemical stratigraphy suggests density-/composition-driven fractionation of deep-sourced, metal-rich, alkalirich, silica-aluminum-rich, halogen-rich, high-density brines. The ultimate brine source is interpreted to be serpentinized peridotite in the lower crust near the Moho transition to the mantle. Dehydration of the serpentinite source to talc (steatization) by mantle heat during failed, intra-continental rifting of the Pangaea supercontinent at the end of Permian time released vast amounts of element-laden, high-density brines into deep-basement fractures, depositing them into and above the Rotliegend Sandstone in the shallow Kupferschiefer Sea, which is analogous to the modern northern Caspian Sea.

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Section: High Temperature Suitementioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Contributions To Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zechstein Dolomites As a Chemical Carbonate Mudmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zechstein-Kupferschiefer Mineralization Reconsidered as a Product of Ultra-Deep Hydrothermal, Mud-Brine Volcanism

Keith¹,

Spieth²,

Rasmussen³

2018

Contributions to Mineralization

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“…Bornite is a major Cu-carrier in many high-sulfidation epithermal deposits (White and Hedenquist, 1990), sedimentary-hosted copper deposits such as the Kupferschiefer of northern Europe (e.g., Piestrzynski and Sawlowicz, 1999) and some porphyry-Cu deposits and associated Cu-and polymetallic skarns (e.g., Ertsberg…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minor and trace elements in bornite and associated Cu–(Fe)-sulfides: A LA-ICP-MS studyBornite mineral chemistry

Cook

Ciobanu

Danyushevsky

et al. 2011

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

136

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“…The met als are distrib uted both ver ti cally and hor i zon tally in the se quence Fe 3+ (Au, Pt, Pd)-Cu(Ag)-Pb-Zn-Fe 2+ in dis tinct suc ces sive zones (Oszczepalski and Rydzewski, 1997). Gold and PGE concen trated mainly within the Rote Fäule, and par tic u larly in the tran si tion zone (e.g., Piestrzyñski et al, 1997;Piestrzyñski and Saw³owicz, 1999;Kucha and Przyby³owicz, 1999;Oszczepalski, 1999;Piestrzyñski and Wodzicki, 2000;Pieczonka et al, 2008). The py rite zone, char ac terized by vast pre dom i nance of py rite over Cu, Pb and Zn sulphides, is re stricted to the ar eas most dis tal from the Rote Fäule, pre vail ing in mar ginal parts of the Zechstein ba sin and in the Wolsztyn-Pogorzela High.…”

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in the Kupferschiefer series of SW Poland

Oszczepalski¹,

Chmielewski²,

Mikulski³

2016

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1 Pol ish Geo log i cal In sti tute -Na tional Re search In sti tute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Po land Oszczepalski, S., Chmielewski, A., Mikulski, S.Z., 2016. Con trols on the dis tri bu tion of rare earth el e ments in the Kupferschiefer se ries of SW Po land. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 60 (4): 811-826, doi: 10.7306/gq.1325 This study deals with the spa tial dis tri bu tion and the PAAS-nor mal ized pat terns of rare earth el e ments (REE) stud ied by ICP-MS in the Kupferschiefer se ries of SW Po land. The most char ac ter is tic fea ture is a pro gres sive en rich ment in REE content (in clud ing Y and Sc) out ward from the rocks with py ritic and Pb-Zn min er al isa tion, across the rocks with cop per min er alisa tion, to wards the ox i dized (Rote Fäule) ar eas. The same trend can also be ob served with re spect to LREE, MREE and HREE. Whereas REE dis tri bu tion di a grams for shales with py rite and Pb-Zn min er al isa tion are al most flat, di a grams for shales with he ma tite and cop per min er al isa tion are con vex-up ward and the stron gest con vex ity is at trib uted to the tran si tion from hematitic al ter ation to cop per-rich rocks. REE dis tri bu tion di a grams nor mal ized to PAAS show strong MREE en richment rel a tive to LREE and HREE, which is typ i cally the high est in the he ma tite zone, lower in shale with cop per min er al isation, and the low est in shales with Pb-Zn and py rite min er al isa tion. The sys tem atic in crease in the con cen tra tion of REE to wards the Rote Fäule, and the strong en rich ment in MREE in the tran si tion zone are in dic a tive of vari able in ten sity of leaching and for ma tion of the REE en rich ments (in clud ing MREE) by MREE>HREE>LREE flu ids, as ev i denced by the MREE-enriched sig na tures. Over print ing of sec ond ary en rich ments over the orig i nal REE pat tern due to re dis tri bu tion along the path ways of ex pand ing flu ids are pos tu lated to ac count for the ap par ent dif fer ences in the dis tri bu tion and con cen tra tion of REE (in clud ing the MREE-en riched trend) be tween the ox i dized rocks, cop per-bear ing rocks, and re duced lithologies bar ren in cop per.

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Exploration for Au and PGE in the Polish Zechstein copper deposits (Kupferschiefer)

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

Zechstein-Kupferschiefer Mineralization Reconsidered as a Product of Ultra-Deep Hydrothermal, Mud-Brine Volcanism

Zechstein-Kupferschiefer Mineralization Reconsidered as a Product of Ultra-Deep Hydrothermal, Mud-Brine Volcanism

Minor and trace elements in bornite and associated Cu–(Fe)-sulfides: A LA-ICP-MS studyBornite mineral chemistry

Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in the Kupferschiefer series of SW Poland

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