Exploration for Platinum-Group Minerals in Till: A New Approach to the Recovery, Counting, Mineral Identification and Chemical Characterization

Makvandi, Sheida; Pagé, Philippe; Tremblay, Jonathan; Girard, Réjean

doi:10.3390/min11030264

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Combining these techniques offers constructive value to mineral characterization and the analysis process by not only providing high-resolution surface images but also offering the elemental composition of the sample, the degree of liberation of minerals, and saving time in determining the presence of valuable minerals present in ores. In short, SEM is a powerful technique for the characterization and analysis of various minerals [131][132][133].…”

Section: Quantitative Evaluation Of Minerals By Scanning Electron Mic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Characterization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): A Review of the Fundamentals, Advancements, and Research Directions

Ali,

Zhang,

Santos

2023

Applied Sciences

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool in the domains of materials science, mining, and geology owing to its enormous potential to provide unique insight into micro and nanoscale worlds. This comprehensive review discusses the background development of SEM, basic SEM operation, including specimen preparation and image processing, and the fundamental theoretical calculations underlying SEM operation. It provides a foundational understanding for engineers and scientists who have never had a chance to dig in depth into SEM, contributing to their understanding of the workings and development of this robust analytical technique. The present review covers how SEM serves as a crucial tool in mineral characterization, with specific discussion on the workings and research fronts of SEM-EDX, SEM-AM, SEM-MLA, and QEMSCAN. With automation gaining pace in the development of all spheres of technology, understanding the uncertainties in SEM measurements is very important. The constraints in mineral phase identification by EDS spectra and sample preparation are conferred. In the end, future research directions for SEM are analyzed with the possible incorporation of machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence tools to automate the process of mineral identification, quantification, and efficient communication with researchers so that the robustness and objectivity of the analytical process can be improved and the analysis time and involved costs can be reduced. This review also discusses the idea of integrating robotics with SEM to make the equipment portable so that further mineral characterization insight can be gained not only on Earth but also on other terrestrial grounds.

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Section: Quantitative Evaluation Of Minerals By Scanning Electron Mic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Characterization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): A Review of the Fundamentals, Advancements, and Research Directions

Ali,

Zhang,

Santos

2023

Applied Sciences

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“…Several minerals are known in the Au-Pd-Hg system (https://www.mindat.org/min-51827.html, accessed on 15 January 2022): weishanite (Au,Hg(Ag)), aurihydrargyrumite (Au6Hg5), potarite (PdHg), gold, palladium, and mercury. The results of studies of Au-Pd-Hg mineralization from some deposits of noble metals showed the presence of binary and ternary phases: Au2Pd and Au3Pd [76]; Pd(Hg,Au) to Pd3Hg2 and (Pd,Au)3Hg2 [94]; Pd(Pt)AuHg, Au-rich potarite [95]. At the Herbeira massif (Spain), the Au-Pd-Hg phase contains Pd 53 wt.% [67] and has formula Pd0.7Au0.3Hg0.1, which corresponds to Au,Hg-bearing palladium.…”

Section: Name Of Deposit (Location)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Palladian Gold: Chemical Composition, Minerals in Association, and Physicochemical Conditions of Formation at Different Types of Gold Deposits

Palyanova,

Zhegunov,

Beliaeva

et al. 2023

Minerals

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This paper reviews and summarizes the available information on the composition of palladian gold with various contents and sets of isomorphic impurities (Ag, Cu, Hg) at 50 deposits and ore occurrences with Au-Pd mineralization. It is revealed that Palladian gold is represented by the systems Au–Pd, Au–Pd–Hg, Au–Pd–Cu, and Au–Pd–Ag–Hg, but more frequently corresponds to Au–Pd–Ag, Au–Pd–Ag–Cu, and Au–Pd–Ag–Cu–Hg. Objects with palladian gold belong to different types of gold deposits and to the deposits at which the main components of ores are PGE, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, and Ti. We propose a classification of the types of deposits with palladian gold: (1) PGE ore deposits related to mafic–ultramafic magmatic complexes (two subtypes—(a) low-sulfide-grade (less than 2%–5% sulfides) Alaskan, and (b) high-sulfide-grade (more than 5% sulfides) Norilsk); (2) orogenic gold deposits (OG); (3) epithermal (porphyry) gold–copper deposits (EPGC); (4) iron oxide copper gold deposits (IOCG); (5) ferruginous quartzite deposits; (6) volcanic exhalation; and (7) gold-PGE placers of five subtypes corresponding to the types of 1–5 primary sources. Palladian gold is mainly high-fineness (910‰–990‰), is less frequently medium-fineness, and contains Ag and Cu, but does not contain Hg at the deposits of types 1, 3, and 4. The only exception is the Au-Pd-Hg Itchayvayam ore occurrence (Kamchatka, Russia), for which two varieties of Pd,Hg-bearing native gold (fineness 816‰–960‰ and 580‰–660‰) are determined. Low-fineness palladian gold with the major content of Ag is typical of OGD deposits. Medium-fineness palladian gold occurs at ferruginous quartzite deposits and in volcanic exhalations. Hg, Ag, Cu-bearing high-fineness palladian gold is present mainly in placer deposits (type 7). The most common minerals in association with palladian gold are arsenides, stibioarsenides, sulfides, stannides, bismuthides, tellurides, and selenides of Pd and Pt. These are typical of deposit types 1 and 7. The minerals of Au, Ag, and Cu (tetra-auricupride, aurostibite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, eucairite, etc.) are in association with palladian gold at OG, EPGC, and IOCG deposits. Hg minerals (cinnabar, tiemannite, coloradoite, potarite) are at some deposits (types 1, 2, 7-1, 7-4). Cu, Fe, and Pd oxides (tenorite, hematite, magnetite, PdO, (Pd,Cu)O) and Fe and Pd hydroxides (goethite, (Fe,Pd)OOH) occur at the deposits of the 3, 4, and 7 groups and indicate the highly oxidizing conditions of ore formation. The most common minerals among host minerals are quartz and muscovite, including fuchsite (Cr-Ms), chlorite, albite, K-feldspar, hornblende, and carbonates (calcite, siderite, etc.). The fineness, content, and set of impurities in palladian gold and minerals in association with it reflect the mineralogy of Au-Pd ores and allow them to be used as indicators for the deposit types.

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“…Interestingly, the PtTe 2 /Pt 2 Te 2 heterostructure naturally existing in mitrofanovite (Pt 3 Te 4 ), a recently discovered mineral present in the Kola Peninsula (Russia) [20] and in various areas of the Canadian Shield, [37] represents a suitable candidate for clean hydrogen production. [21,38] In acidic environment, a Tafel slope in HER as low as ≈32 mV dec −1 was revealed (Figure 5a,b).…”

Section: Hermentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Hydrogen Production Using Group‐10 Metal Chalcogenides as Low‐Cost Effective Electrocatalysts

D’Olimpio

Santoro

Kuo

et al. 2022

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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Clean hydrogen production is crucial to the prospects of the energy transition. Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most promising tools for the sustainable and efficient production of hydrogen. One of the main open challenges is the replacement of precious Pt for electrodes with new materials combining cheapness, robustness to CO poisoning, and fast reaction kinetics. Group‐10 metal chalcogenides represent suitable candidates to address all main open challenges in the quest for alternative materials to pure Pt as electrocatalysts, with the further advantage of the ease of their synthesis as both bulk crystals and nanostructures. All compounds of this class of materials show surface stability, chemical inertness toward CO adsorption, and electrode durability in acidic and alkaline environments. Here, the physicochemical mechanisms ruling hydrogen production with group‐10 metal chalcogenides are focused on by combining surface‐science experiments and theory. Especially, the Tafel slope in Pt3Te4 nanocrystals and NiTe2 nanotubes is as low as 32 and 59 mV dec−1, respectively, making them competitive with state‐of‐the‐art reference materials Pt and Pt/C already in the first implementation. Moreover, the presence of massless Dirac‐cone electrons in many group‐10 metal chalcogenides, with an intrinsically large electron mobility, is naturally beneficial for fast electron transfer, and correspondingly, for fast reaction kinetics. These results pave the way for the advent of this new class of materials in electrocatalysis, and for sustainable hydrogen production through water splitting.

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Exploration for Platinum-Group Minerals in Till: A New Approach to the Recovery, Counting, Mineral Identification and Chemical Characterization

Cited by 16 publications

References 55 publications

Mineral Characterization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): A Review of the Fundamentals, Advancements, and Research Directions

Mineral Characterization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): A Review of the Fundamentals, Advancements, and Research Directions

Palladian Gold: Chemical Composition, Minerals in Association, and Physicochemical Conditions of Formation at Different Types of Gold Deposits

Sustainable Hydrogen Production Using Group‐10 Metal Chalcogenides as Low‐Cost Effective Electrocatalysts

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