Exploration of Components Contributing to Potent Cytotoxicity of Gardenia Thunbergia L. F. Against Human Leukemia and Hepatoma

Abstract

Promising cytotoxic effects of several Gardenia species (Rubiaceae) have been established by many studies. The current study evaluated MTT-based cytotoxic activities of the crude extract from Gardenia thunbergia L. f. aerial parts and four fractions thereof, including nhexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, and aqueous, against human leukemia (HL-60) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines, as well as the normal (WI38) cell line. Both non-polar fractions, n-hexane and dichloromethane, showed tumor-selective toxicities against both tested cancerous cell lines. These results sparked our interest in chemically characterising these bioactive fractions to reveal their cytotoxic components. The composition of n-hexane-soluble fraction was investigated via GC-MS analysis, while column chromatographic separation was used to isolate the components of DCM-soluble fraction. These isolated phytochemicals were identified via spectroscopic analyses. Besides, the chemotaxonomic value of the detected phytochemicals and their reported cytotoxic profiles were discussed.

Study of the Chemical Composition of Rosa beggeriana Schrenk’s Fruits and Leaves

“…215–218°C): ( Figures S19–S21 ) 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ: 0.77 (3H, s, H-24), 0.80 (3H, s, H-28), 0.84 (3H, s, H-25), 0.96 (3H, s, H-23), 0.98 (3H, s, H-27), 1.04 (3H, s, H-26), 1.69 (3H, s, H-30), 4.58 (1H, s, H-29a), 4.70 (1H, s, H-29b). 3.19 (1H, dd, H-3); 13 C NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz): δ 150.92 (C-20), 109.37 (C-29), 78.99 (C-3), 55.32 (C-5), 50.45 (C-9), 48.31 (C-18), 47.99 (C-19), 43.01 (C-17), 42.84 (C-14), 40.84 (C-8), 40.02 (C-22), 38.87 (C-13), 38.73 (C-4), 38.06 (C-1), 37.18 (C-10), 35.60 (C-16), 34.30 (C-7), 29.86 (C-21), 28.01 (C-23), 27.46 (C-15), 27.40 (C-12), 25.15 (C-2), 20.95 (C-11), 19.33 (C-30), 18.34 (C-6), 18.03 (C-28), 16.14 (C-25), 16.00 (C-26), 15.40 (C-24), 14.57 (C-27) [ 39 , 41 , 46 , 47 ]. Optical rotation [α]D +27.1°.…”

“…Lupeol ( 5 ) is a triterpenoid that was found in the fruits of R. beggeriana and identified through comparison with NMR data from the literature data [ 39 , 46 , 47 ]. R. rugosa was also reported to have lupeol [ 62 ].…”

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds of Gardenia thunbergia Thunb. Leaves and Antibiofilm Potential against Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

“…5 In addition, the G. thunbergia aerial parts demonstrated selective in vitro cytotoxic activities against HL-60 and HepG2 cells, according to a previous study. 10 Previously, it was reported that a methanol extract of G. thunbergia inhibited the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum strain D10 (IC50 14.36 mg/mL). 6 Because advances in biotechnology have enabled faster and more detailed investigation of natural compounds, leading to the isolation of bioactive compounds with health benefits, our research is focused on elucidating potential sources of ethnomedicinal plants using modern scientific analysis such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.…”