Exploration of Food Security Challenges towards More Sustainable Food Production: A Systematic Literature Review of the Major Drivers and Policies

Abstract

Food security is a central priority for international policy as one of the world’s most significantly urgent targets to achieve. It is considered one of the most pressing issues in many countries, the degree of food security representing the level of self-sufficiency and well-being of citizens. In particular, in the current COVID-19 pandemic era, it has more than ever become a mission-critical goal. In this research, we report on the food security drivers and the current state of recommended policies addressing chronic food insecurity aimed at ensuring the sustainability of future food production. Mapping the determinants of food security contributes to a better understanding of the issue and aids in the development of appropriate food security policies and strategies to enhance the sustainability of food production in all facets; namely environmental, social, and economic. Adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) data screening and selection guidelines and standards, we carried out a comprehensive, reliable, systematic, and rigorous review of research from the last ten years in order to identify the most frequently mentioned drivers and policies of food security in the literature available in two databases: Scopus and Web of Science (WOS). The number of extracted articles was 141 papers in total. An analysis revealed 34 drivers of food security and 17 most recommended policies for the mitigation of food insecurity. The existence of food loss and waste (FLW) policies was the primary driver of food security, followed by food security policies (FSP) in their different forms. However, FSP were the most recommended policies, followed by FLW policies. The identified food security drivers and recommended policies should be used by policy-makers to improve food security, thus contributing to sustainable food production. Our research findings, reflected in the latest version of the Global Food Security Index (GFSI), resulted in more tangible policy implications, suggesting the addition of two dimensions regarding food security. We also identified elements not listed under the GFSI that could be considered in its future revision, including environmental policies/indicators, consumer representation, and traceability throughout the entire supply chain. Overall, it can be concluded that food security is a complicated and multi-faceted issue that cannot be restricted to a single variable, necessitating the deeper integration of various multi-disciplinary interventions.

Assessment of the Effect of the Main Grain-Producing Areas Policy on China’s Food Security

“…This result is consistent with the findings of Fang et al (2022) [47]. The results of Model (2) show that the establishment of main grain-production areas increases the food-security index by an average of approximately 0.0351 units per year. H1 has been validated.…”

“…Food provided a material foundation for the development of human society and was an important cornerstone for ensuring national security [ 1 ]. Due to various factors such as climate change and regional conflicts, global food security is facing formidable challenges [ 2 ]. Food security is a fundamental issue crucial to human survival.…”

“…The main academic contributions of this study are as follows: (1) By using the entropy method, the food-security index is more accurately calculated from multiple perspectives and levels, and the differences and trends in food security levels between main grain-production areas and non-main production areas are analyzed. (2) The main grain-production area policies and the pre-existing food-security index, which measures the degree of food security, are directly incorporated into the same research framework. By employing the difference-in-differences method, a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of main grain-production area policies in ensuring food security is conducted.…”

Why does food loss and waste matter for food security - from the perspective of cause and magnitude

“…Food loss and waste is a highly debated topic and suggested to pay attention in the next decades as food loss, and waste have an intense impact (Xie et al, 2021) on food security (Bori, 2018;Gustavsson et al, n.d., p. 201). The food loss and waste policy is suggested as the primary driver of food security and the second most recommended policy after food security (Wahbeh et al, 2022).…”

Food waste: The paradox that continues to undermine food and nutrition security worldwide

“…While food insecurity involves the aspects of physical availability, access (physical, social, and economic), utilization, and stability (sustainability) of food, another dynamic that has emerged as a major threat to the highly prevalent food and nutrition insecurity—food waste, often used synonymously, albeit wrongly, food loss, and food waste are two distinct aspects of a similar problem, as evidenced variously by literature published over the past few years (Ishangulyyev et al, 2019; Santeramo, 2021; Wahbeh et al, 2022). As explained by Schuster and Torero (2016) in their hallmark publication, where food loss effectively is a preconsumption phenomenon, referring to an accidental reduction in both quantity and quality of food at production and postharvest stages, food waste, on the contrary, implies that food fit for human consumption is “intentionally” discarded, and is purely a consumer behavior-oriented dimension.…”