Exploration of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. against Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis and Assessment of Its Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potential

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), being a dairy-borne pathogen, resistant of pasteurization and other sterilization techniques, is a major cause for development of inflammatory bowel disorders such as Johne’s disease (JD) in dairy animals and Crohn’s Disease (CD) in humans, for which no therapy is available to date. In the absence of effective therapy or a vaccine, management of CD has been accomplished by removal of the affected intestines. However, usually, even after removal of 2/3 of the intestine, CD reoccurs. Hence, there exists a need to develop an alternative therapy for such infection. The potential of herbals remains unexplored against MAP and related infections. Therefore, the conducted study is a novel initiative for the evaluation of anti-mycobacterial activity of bioactive extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. against MAP infection. The said plant was authenticated according to the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the extracts were done using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Preliminary in vitro pharmacological assessments revealed the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts. REMA assay was conducted to determine their anti-MAP activity along with determination of the best active extract. The hydro-alcoholic extract showed the best inhibition of MAP, providing a potential ray of hope against this emerging major pathogen of animals, and associated with Crohn’s disease and other autoimmune disorders in human beings.

Vaccination therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

“…However, even after 2/3 of the bowel segment has been removed, the remaining healthy bowel is usually re-involved, leading to disease recurrence. 47 Therefore, there is a need to develop an alternative therapy for this disordered flora infection. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore the use of gut microbiota vaccines for the treatment of IBD, i.e.…”

“…Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a dairy-transmitted pathogen and a major cause of disease progression in IBD. 47 Although there is controversy regarding the possible causal relationship between CD and MAP, 48 several clinical trials have shown that selective anti-MAP drugs have been evaluated as a potential treatment for CD and found to be beneficial in terms of final outcome. In a study by Agrawal G et al a patient with CD could achieve profound mucosal healing after anti-MAP treatment alone.…”

Multi-target mechanism of Solanum xanthocarpum for treatment of psoriasis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

“…Ayurveda and Unani natural therapies in particular have been utilised for many years as a treatment alternative for disorders associated with PSO ( Ramanunny et al, 2019 ). SX is frequently used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases because of its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive characteristics ( Joghee, 2019 , Srivastava et al, 2022 ). SX consists of a variety of active phytochemical components that have an impact on several targets and pathways in the formation of PSO ( Parmar et al, 2017 ).…”

Antivenom Activity of Solanum xanthocarpum Hydroethanolic Root Extract Targeting the Enzymes Present in Naja Snake Venom

“…It was also stated that seventy percent population depend upon the plants as source of their medicines. At present, a large number of traditional medicinal plants have been tested for their pharmacological activity against different diseases (Choudhary et al 2019;Srivastava et al 2022).…”