Exploration of the minimum visual disability criteria for Para nordic and Para alpine skiing using simulated vision impairments

Stalin, Amritha; Dalton, Kristine

doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1903685

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…To achieve fair inclusion criteria, it is necessary to identify at what level VI starts to affect performance. Such studies have been undertaken for other VI sports such as shooting, Nordic and alpine skiing 7,10,11 . While there has been work that identified 10 D of defocus can impact putting, 29,30 further research is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

Hynes

Beukes

Hawkes

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Participation in physical activities through organised sport can provide physical and mental health benefits, particularly for individuals with disabilities such as visual impairment (VI). 1 Being able to participate in a sporting activity can provide hope and a sense of accomplishment. With adequate support and opportunities, some individuals may even have the opportunity to compete nationally, internationally or at an elite Paralympic level. When competing with a disability, the impairment may influence the competition outcome, and therefore, creating an equitable competitive environment is a foundation of Paralympic sport.To ensure that competitive environments are fair, athletes are evaluated to classify the severity of their impairment. 2 The classification process determines whether an athlete is eligible to compete, and if so, which class they should compete in. Originally, athletes were classified based on the severity of their disability. Different sports, however, have specific visual demands, and so an athlete's vision profile may be more of a disadvantage in one sport than another. 3 Taking this into account, the International Paralympic Committee have asked sport federations to

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New classification systems not adhering to this model are being trialled for shooting and are underdevelopment for football, skiing, athletics and swimming. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Other sports such as VI golf are currently not eligible as a Paralympic sport, partly due to the lack of an evidence-based classification procedure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

Hynes

Beukes

Hawkes

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…However, this approach is less suitable for in-situ tasks such as judo that rely on the functional co-adaptation between two competing athletes (Krabben, Orth et al, 2019). Other approaches that could be used in-situ either use (e.g., spectacle) lenses where the simulated visual field loss does not move with the eyes, (e.g., Stalin & Dalton, 2021) or use conventional contact lenses that are unable to simulate precise field losses. Recent advances in augmented reality may offer a promising means of simulating visual field loss while performing in-situ tasks (Jones et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How wide should you view to fight? Establishing the size of the visual field necessary for grip fighting in judo

Krabben

Lojanica

Mueller

et al. 2021

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Peripheral vision is often considered vital in (combat) sports, yet most experimental paradigms (e.g., eye tracking) ignore peripheral information or struggle to make inferences about the role of peripheral vision in an in-situ performance environment. This study aimed to determine where visual information is located in the peripheral field during an in-situ combat sports task. Eight advanced judokas competed in grip-fighting exchanges while wearing a mobile eye-tracker to locate gaze direction. Threedimensional position data of the head and hands were tracked using a VICON motion capture system. Gaze analysis through automatic feature detection showed that participants predominantly fixated on their opponent's chest. Kinematic data were used to calculate the angles between the opponent's hands and the gaze-anchor point on the chest of the opponent. Results revealed a nonlinear relationship between visual field (VF) size and visibility of the hands, with athletes needing a VF of at least 30-40 degrees radius to simultaneously monitor both hands of the opponent most of the time. These findings hold implications for the regulation of Paralympic judo for athletes with vision impairment, suggesting that a less severe degree of impairment should be required to qualify than the current criterion of 20 degrees radius.

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“…Research in VI rifle shooting demonstrated that only one class was necessary in that sport, because functionally blind athletes could perform just as well as athletes with much less impairment, presumably because in that sport they can effectively rely on the auditory feedback used in the sport to guide the rifle [ 8 – 13 ]. Research has also begun in other VI sports including football [ 14 , 15 ], judo [ 16 – 21 ], skiing [ 22 , 23 ], athletics [ 24 ], goalball [ 25 ], and swimming [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming

et al. 2022

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Background Paralympic swimmers with vision impairment (VI) currently compete in one of the three classes depending on their visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field. However, there is no evidence to suggest that a three-class system is the most legitimate approach for classification in swimming, or that the tests of VA and visual field are the most suitable. An evidence-based approach is required to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in the sport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in VI Para swimming. The swimming performance of 45 elite VI swimmers was evaluated during international competitions by measuring the total race time, start time, clean swim velocity, ability to swim in a straight line, turn time, and finish time. Visual function was measured using a test battery that included VA, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, depth perception, visual search, and motion perception. Results Results revealed that VA was the best predictor of total race time (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), though the relationship was not linear. Decision tree analysis suggested that only two classes were necessary for legitimate competition in VI swimming, with a single cut-off between 2.6 and 3.5 logMAR. No further significant association remained between visual function and performance in either of the two resulting classes (all |rs|< 0.11 and ps > 0.54). Conclusions Results suggest that legitimate competition in VI swimming requires one class for partially sighted and another for functionally blind athletes.

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Exploration of the minimum visual disability criteria for Para nordic and Para alpine skiing using simulated vision impairments

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

How wide should you view to fight? Establishing the size of the visual field necessary for grip fighting in judo

The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming

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