Exploration of the Upper Atmosphere by the Help of the Third Soviet Sputnik

Krassovsky, V. I.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-4745-0_7

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…That ionospheric parameters were measured is indicated by the facts that the currents increased with altitude and that all available experimental data (electron temperature, ion number density, electron number density from the probe, DOVAP, and ionograms) are consistent. The high electron temperatures are in reasonable agreement with higher gas temperatures discovered over Fort Churchill [Horowitz and LaGow, 1958; see also Krassovsky, 1959], which is located in the auroral zone. In this regard, it has been suggested by Jastrow [1959] that the temperature of the upper atmosphere in the auroral zone is controlled by the intensity of the particles in the outer Van Allen belt, and thus that the properties of the auroral-zone upper atmosphere differ entirely from those of the atmosphere at lower latitudes.…”

Section: Ture Gradients Over Fort Churchill Have Been Reported By Horsupporting

confidence: 84%

Langmuir probe measurements in the ionosphere

Boggess¹,

Brace²,

Spencer³

1959

J. Geophys. Res.

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The electron temperature and positive‐ion number density of the ionosphere E layer were measured above Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, on November 30, 1958, through the use of a rocket‐borne adaptation of a Langmuir probe. The design adopted was considered an exploratory experiment that would provide a basis for future ionospheric probes. Therefore establishing the reasonableness of the theoretical treatment [Hok and others, 1953] ,2 developing an appropriate experimental technique, and determining ionospheric parameters were regarded as equally important. Earlier attempts [Hok and others, 1951] to use a rocket‐borne probe were hampered by design concessions made for other experiments on the same rocket and by aerodynamic considerations important during the early part of the flight. Such probes generally yielded ambiguous results; thus the present probe was ejected from the rocket both to avoid the need for such design compromises and to permit complete isolation in the ionosphere. Other objectives in the design were to provide a simple geometry for mathematical convenience, to prevent overlap of the sheaths and gas contamination of the environment, and to investigate the telemetry‐antenna field disturbance of the plasma and possible photoelectric effect.

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Section: Ture Gradients Over Fort Churchill Have Been Reported By Horsupporting

confidence: 84%

Langmuir probe measurements in the ionosphere

Boggess¹,

Brace²,

Spencer³

1959

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…A fundamental characteristic of these plasma probes is the use of one or more grids placed in frong of a collector arranged in concentric planar geometry. Satellite-borne gridded probes were first used successfully by the USSR on Sputnik III [Krassovsky, 1959;Gtingauz, 1961a]. The USSR work, which is characterized by the use of spherical geometry, has been extended to studies of extremely low charged-particle densities in the interplanetary plasma [Gringauz, 1961b].…”

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confidence: 64%

Experimental evidence for the presence of helium ions based on Explorer VIII satellite data

Bourdeau¹,

Whipple²,

Donley³

et al. 1962

J. Geophys. Res.

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Values of positive‐ion concentration (N+ = 1.3 ± 0.1 × 104 ions/cm3), electron temperature (Te = 1750° ± 200°K), and the ratio of atomic helium to oxygen ions (He+/O+ = 1.3 ± 0.3), measured by three separate experiments at an altitude of 1630 km on the Explorer VIII satellite, are presented. These together with ionosonde data are shown to be consistent with a model of an isothermal upper ionosphere in diffusive equilibrium. The model infers that hydrogen ions are less important than either helium or oxygen ions at altitudes below 1600 km. The measured ratio of helium to oxygen ions is consistent with that postulated by Nicolet.

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“…Measurements at low earth orbit have been made primarily by retarding potential analyzers and similar current collection probes. The earliest satellite observations of spacecraft charging were by the ion trap experiment on Sputnik 3, which measured potentials in the 2-V to 7-V range [Krassovsky, 1959] (however, Whipple [1959] estimated -3.9 V). As has been discussed, the first well-documented measurements of satellite potential at low altitudes were by Explorer 8, where potentials of 0.15 V were observed between 425 and 2300 km [Bourdeau et al, 1961].…”

Section: Satellite Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The charging of spacecraft surfaces

Garrett¹

1981

Reviews of Geophysics

387

208

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The buildup of static charge on satellite surfaces is an important issue in the utilization of satellite systems. The analysis of this phenomenon has required important advances in basic charging theory and the development of complex codes to evaluate the plasma sheaths that surround satellites. The results of these theories and calculations have wide application in space physics in the design of systems and in the interpretation of low‐energy plasma measurements. In this review, those aspects of charge buildup on satellite surfaces relevant to the space physics community are summarized. The types of charging processes, models of charge buildup, satellite sheath theories, and charging observations are described with emphasis on basic concepts.

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Exploration of the Upper Atmosphere by the Help of the Third Soviet Sputnik

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Langmuir probe measurements in the ionosphere

Langmuir probe measurements in the ionosphere

Experimental evidence for the presence of helium ions based on Explorer VIII satellite data

The charging of spacecraft surfaces

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