Exploration of Vehicle Impact Speed – Injury Severity Relationships for Application in Safer Road Design

Jurewicz, Chris; Sobhani, Amir; Woolley, Jeremy; Dutschke, Jeff; Corben, Bruce

doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.396

Cited by 105 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Consistent with some previously reported results [16,17,18,19], increased head impact velocity results in greater head injury severity. The analysis of HIC, peak stress on the skull, and maximal principal strain for the brain pointed to the same conclusion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Severity of crash outcomes in response to speed have also been well researched. Other studies showed that fatal crashes decline more substantially with the same amount of mean speed reduction than all injury crashes [17,18,19]. Jurewicz [18] concluded that pedestrian–vehicle impact speeds of approximately 20 km/h were likely to produce Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS)3+ injury probability of approximately 10%, after reviewing available international research on relationships between impact velocity change (Δv), impact speeds, and the probability of fatal and serious injury (MAIS3+) across a range of common crash scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploration of Pedestrian Head Injuries—Collision Parameter Relationships through a Combination of Retrospective Analysis and Finite Element Method

Liu

Qiu

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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There are a very limited number of reports concerning the relationship between pedestrian head injuries and collision parameters through a combination of statistical analysis methods and finite element method (FEM). This study aims to explore the characteristics of pedestrian head injuries in car–pedestrian collisions at different parameters by using the two means above. A retrospective analysis of pedestrian head injuries was performed based on detailed investigation data of 61 car–pedestrian collision cases. The head damage assessment parameters (head injury criterion (HIC), peak stress on the skull, maximal principal strain for the brain) in car–pedestrian simulation experiments with four contact angles and three impact velocities were obtained by FEM. The characteristics of the pedestrian head injuries were discussed by comparing and analyzing the statistical analysis results and finite element analysis results. The statistical analysis results demonstrated a significant difference in skull fractures, contusion and laceration of brain and head injuries on the abbreviated injury scale (AIS)3+ was found at different velocities (p < 0.05) and angles (p < 0.05). The simulation results showed that, in pedestrian head-to-hood impacts, the values of head damage assessment parameters increased with impact velocities. At the same velocity, these values from the impact on the pedestrian’s back were successively greater than on the front or the side. Furthermore, head injury reconstruction and prediction results of two selected cases were consistent with the real injuries. Overall, it was further spelled out that, for shorter stature pedestrians, increased head impact velocity results in greater head injury severity in car–pedestrian collision, especially in pedestrian head-to-hood impacts. Under a back impact, the head has also been found to be at greater damage risk for shorter stature pedestrians, which may have implications on automotive design and pedestrian protection research if prevention and treatment of these injuries is to be prioritized over head injuries under a front or side impact.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Pedestrian Head Injuries—Collision Parameter Relationships through a Combination of Retrospective Analysis and Finite Element Method

Liu

Qiu

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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show abstract

“…Since then, this method has been used by several different studies [18]. For this, we need to determine the extent of the velocity change upon impact; then, by applying the extensively used P MAIS3+ curves [19], we can calculate the severity. The Abbreviated Injury Scale [20] (AIS) is a scale ranging from 1 to 6 which is used to indicate the severity of injuries.…”

Section: Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Behaviour Planning and Highway Situation Analysis Concept with Scenario Classification and Risk Estimation for Autonomous Vehicles

Dávid

Láncz

Hunyady³

2019

Designs

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The development of autonomous vehicles is one of the most active research areas in the automotive industry. The objective of this study is to present a concept for analysing a vehicle’s current situation and a decision-making algorithm which determines an optimal and safe series of manoeuvres to be executed. Our work focuses on a machine learning-based approach by using neural networks for risk estimation, comparing different classification algorithms for traffic density estimation and using probabilistic and decision networks for behaviour planning. A situation analysis is carried out by a traffic density classifier module and a risk estimation algorithm, which predicts risks in a discrete manoeuvre space. For real-time operation, we applied a neural network approach, which approximates the results of the algorithm we used as a ground truth, and a labelling solution for the network’s training data. For the classification of the current traffic density, we used a support vector machine. The situation analysis provides input for the decision making. For this task, we applied probabilistic networks.

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“…Nearly all crashes in transformed urban areas took place on roads with a speed limit of 30 km/h. In accordance with the Vision Zero policy, unprotected road users should not be exposed to vehicles at speeds exceeding 30 km/h [11], but there are studies reporting that even this limit can be too high to prevent serious injuries to pedestrians and cyclists in crashes [41][42][43]. More cyclists than pedestrians are seriously injured in crashes at speeds of <30 km/h [41,42].…”

Section: Increased Incidence For Unprotected Road Users In Urban Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of seriously injured road users in a Swedish region, 2003–2014, from the perspective of a national road safety policy

Värnild¹,

Belin

Larm

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Since 1997 Sweden has a policy for road safety called Vision Zero. Given that Vision Zero is mainly used to reduce fatalities among car occupants, the question has been raised by the research community whether a Vision Zero approach promotes health for all road traffic users. The objective is to measure target fulfilment of the national road safety policy for a Swedish region by examining incidence of serious injury during 2003–2014 in rural and urban road spaces with or without implemented measures. Methods Data on seriously injured road users, defined as ISS>8 (Injury Severity Scale), were retrieved from STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) together with data from NVDB (National Road Database). These data are used to describe where road users are seriously injured in relation to implemented national policy and using a conceptual model of a road space comprising roads, pavements and tracks for walking and cycling. Seriously injured road users in single and multiple crashes with and without vehicles are included. The development of the incidence is analysed for different road users and places in the road space. Results Seriously injured road users increased in rural areas from 7.8 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2003 to 9.3 in 2014, and in urban areas from 8.0 to 16.3 respectively. In areas not transformed by Vision Zero, only 36% were injured in rural areas while 64% were injured in urban areas. In contrast, in transformed areas 61% of injuries occurred in rural areas, whereas 39% occurred in urban areas. Conclusion Despite implemented road safety measures in the region, the incidence of seriously injured road users doubled in urban areas during 2003–2014, while the incidence decreased for car occupants on transformed national roads in rural areas. In urban areas, more people were seriously injured on pavements and tracks for cycling and walking than on the roads where Vision Zero had been implemented. The reduction in the incidence in the region may not be adequate to contribute to fulfilling the national target. More needs to be done, especially in the urban areas, where more active mobility is desired.

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Exploration of Vehicle Impact Speed – Injury Severity Relationships for Application in Safer Road Design

Cited by 105 publications

References 8 publications

Exploration of Pedestrian Head Injuries—Collision Parameter Relationships through a Combination of Retrospective Analysis and Finite Element Method

Exploration of Pedestrian Head Injuries—Collision Parameter Relationships through a Combination of Retrospective Analysis and Finite Element Method

Real-Time Behaviour Planning and Highway Situation Analysis Concept with Scenario Classification and Risk Estimation for Autonomous Vehicles

Incidence of seriously injured road users in a Swedish region, 2003–2014, from the perspective of a national road safety policy

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