“…However, meeting the growing demand for rice without increasing environmental costs presents a signi cant challenge for global rice farming 13 . Rice can be used as a co-cultivation integration technique to create successful habitats for various aquatic animals 14,15 , even aquatic vertebrates such as Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [16][17][18] , common carp, Cyprinus carpio [16][17][18][19] , mrigal carp, Cirrhinus mrigala 19 , yellow cat sh, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 20 , Java barb, Barbonymus gonionotus 17,18 , the Asian sea bass, barramundi, Lates calcarifer 21 , major South Asian carp, Catla catla 19 , and rohu, Labeo rohita 19 , and the Dojo loach, pond loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 22 ) or aquatic invertebrates (such as freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense 20,23 , Macrobrachium rosenbergii 19 , Paci c whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 23 , Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis 22 , The Chinese softshell turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis 22 , and the Red Swamp Cray sh, Procambarus clarkii 22 .…”