Exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis in clinical studies: Which one should you use?

Alavi, Mousa; Visentin, Denis; Thapa, Deependra Kaji; Hunt, Glenn E.; Watson, Roger; Cleary, Michelle

doi:10.1111/jan.14377

Cited by 92 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Once the multivariate normality was confirmed, we tested the factorial validity with maximum likelihood estimation. The model of the factor proposed is deemed valid when all items show a factorial load higher than 0.4 [ 44 , 47 , 48 ]. The construct’s validity was calculated through convergent validity (using the average variance extracted (AVE) for each factor and considering 0.50 as the minimum value) and the discriminant validity, confirmed by evidence that the AVE for each pair of factors is equal to or greater than the square of the correlation between them.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Psychometric Properties of the Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index in Primary Health Care in Portugal

Lucas

Jesus

Almeida

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Studies related to the work environment in primary health care are scarce in the literature. The present study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) in primary health care (PHC) and to evaluate its construct validity through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of Portuguese nurses. A quantitative, cross-sectional, and validation study design was implemented. Methods: The sample consisted of 1059 nurses from the PHC units of all 55 health center groups (HCGs) in mainland Portugal, 15 health centers in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, and 6 health centers in the Autonomous Region of the Azores. The study tested different structural models using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques. The reliability of the scale was tested by determining Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results: The internal consistency of the PES-NWI was 0.91. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the PES-NWI model in PHC with five factors: NPOA, NFQC, NMALSN, SRA, and CNPR. The results show that the scale presents acceptable fit quality indexes in the final factorial solution and adequate convergent validity. Conclusion: The PES-NWI in PHC has an adequate, robust, and reliable five-factor structure. The scale is valid and can be used in clinical practice, nursing management, and PHC research.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Psychometric Properties of the Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index in Primary Health Care in Portugal

Lucas

Jesus

Almeida

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Authors stated that “an EFA using principal components analysis was undertaken to explore the underlying structure of the NSEQ” ([ 1 ], P. 5). However, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and principal component analysis (PCA) are two different methods for different purposes [ 2 , 3 ]. Although in some studies EFA and PCA incorrectly have been used interchangeably (See [ 3 ]), as Fokkema and Greiff [ 4 ] stated “PCA should never be referred to as (exploratory) factor analysis” (p. 401).…”

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confidence: 99%

Concerns regarding the validity of nutrition self-efficacy questionnaire among Iranian elderly population

Sharif

Naghavi

Nia

2022

J Health Popul Nutr

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“…The EFA was conducted via principal component analysis and the direct oblimin rotation method to determine the scale's factor structure. Principal component analysis, one of the best estimation methods of EFA, was chosen because of capturing maximum variance and determining key factors by simplifying complex data (Alavi et al, 2020). Items with cross-loading (loaded >0.30 in two or more dimensions and the difference between factor loadings <0.1) (Kline, 2015) and/or factor loadings <0.50 were eliminated to obtain a more robust factor structure.…”

Section: Construct Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and psychometric properties of the attitude scale towards female workers in the healthcare settings

Çakıroğlu

Baykal

2021

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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The aim of this study was to develop a new instrument to evaluate healthcare professionals' attitudes towards female workers in the healthcare settings-the Attitude Scale Towards Female Workers (ASTFW)-and test its psychometric properties.Design: This is a scale development study. Method:A three-phase structure was used: (1) creating the item pool, (2) preliminarily evaluating items and (3) refining the scale and evaluating psychometric properties. The scale's content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and temporal stability were evaluated according to the scale development guidelines. The scale's psychometric properties were tested with 1,635 healthcare professionals working in six different hospitals. The data were collected between November 2018 and July 2019. Results:The scale items were obtained from face-to-face, semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews with the healthcare professionals. The scale's content validity index was 0.96. According to exploratory factor analysis, the scale consisted of 30 items and five subdimensions; the subdimensions were found to explain 54.48% of the total variance. Fit indices obtained with confirmatory factor analysis were at acceptable and good levels. The scale was found to have high internal consistency and temporal stability. Conclusion:The ASTFW is a psychometrically valid and reliable measurement instrument. The 30-item scale consists of five subdimensions: performance, gender roles, recruitment and retention, career, and emotionality. ImpactThis scale, which has good psychometric properties, can be used to perform a multidimensional evaluation of the attitudes of healthcare professionals in healthcare workplaces towards female workers. This scale can be useful in shedding light on negative attitudes towards female healthcare professionals in the health sector. K E Y W O R D Sattitudes, female workers, gender, gender discrimination, gender inequality, healthcare professionals, instrument development, nurses, nursing, psychometric testing | 3239 CELEBI CAKIROGLU And BAYKAL | INTRODUC TI ONGender discrimination is one of the most important problems women face in working life (Basford et al., 2014). Although there are many regulations to ensure equality and eliminate discrimination in working life, it cannot be prevented entirely in any country. The 'Global Gender Gap Report 2020' published by the World Economic Forum (2019) states that women are exposed to gender discrimination in different areas. This report emphasizes that it takes more than a century to achieve gender equality on a global level, although this may differ regionally. It also highlights that gender discrimination towards female workers is usually not reported and remains hidden and that it is critical to understand such discrimination and show its harmful effects (Basford et al., 2014). Discriminatory attitudes and approaches to gender are commonly seen in the health sector and healthcare workplaces, where women dominate, as in many sectors

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Exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis in clinical studies: Which one should you use?

Abstract: following criteria recommended by the ICMJE (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/)]:• Substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

Cited by 92 publications

References 20 publications

Validation of the Psychometric Properties of the Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index in Primary Health Care in Portugal

Validation of the Psychometric Properties of the Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index in Primary Health Care in Portugal

Concerns regarding the validity of nutrition self-efficacy questionnaire among Iranian elderly population

Development and psychometric properties of the attitude scale towards female workers in the healthcare settings

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