Postpart um hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, contributing to approximately 140,000 deaths per year. 1 Because of readily available medical and surgical management, the number of deaths in the United States is low; nonetheless, PPH remains a leading cause of pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of known risk factors for PPH and the use of third-stage intravenous oxytocin have been shown to significantly lower the incidence of PPH. 2Y4 Unfortunately, diagnosing clinically significant PPH is notoriously difficult because health care providers typically underestimate blood loss and, in pregnancy, signs of hypovolemia are also delayed. Appropriate management of PPH therefore typically requires an urgent interdisciplinary coordinated effort to safely administer a variety of medications and perform any necessary procedures to stop the patient's blood loss.In situ simulation of PPH is a particularly valuable process. First and foremost, it provides a platform for interdisciplinary team practice while maintaining the environmental and system factors present during actual patient care events. Second, it allows the entire interdisciplinary team to practice management of the PPH patient, including diagnosis, medical (nonoperative) management, and resuscitation of the acutely decompensating patient. Finally, the debriefing process allows for the (1) identification of gaps in knowledge and teamwork behaviors and (2) detection of environmental and system deficiencies before an actual adverse event. This article describes the development, content validation, and in situ implementation of a standardized patient-based, interdisciplinary PPH scenario. The training received expedited approval from the University of Washington Institutional Review Board.
PARTICIPANTS/LEARNERSThis simulation involved nurses (n = 49), obstetrical residents (n = 19), obstetrical attending physicians (n = 9), anesthesiology residents (n = 3), and anesthesiology attending physicians (n = 5). Although teams can vary in size and still successfully complete the scenario, optimal team composition consists of 6 to 8 individuals with expertise from all 3 disciplines/specialties (nursing, obstetrics, and anesthesia.) A total of 83 learners at the University of Washington Medical Center Labor and Delivery (L&D) unit completed the scenario.
SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT Needs Assessment and Learning ObjectivesA robust needs assessment is critical to the development of effective training programs. 5,6 Thus, scenario development began with a needs assessment for the University of Washington Medical Center L&D unit involving all 3 participating disciplines (nursing, obstetrics, and anesthesia). This process focused on the team training and team-level clinical objectives. Training-specific clinical knowledge and procedural skills were not the focus of the simulation and were therefore not a component of the needs assessment.