Exploratory study of blood exposures that are risks for HIV among Luo and Kisii ethnic groups in Nyanza province, Kenya

Ounga, T; Okinyi, M; Onyuro, S; Correa, Mariette; Gisselquist, David

doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008225

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Many reasons have been put forward to explain this, for example lower rates of male circumcision, widow inheritance, and widow cleansing (a practice where a widow engages in sexual intercourse during funeral rites as a way of purification; Akwara et al, 2003; Bailey et al, 2002 ). There are also reports that Luos have higher exposure to blood contamination because of tattooing and body piercing by traditional healers ( Ounga et al, 2009 ). Our study confirms the high HIV prevalence among Luos even in urban areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents? Evidence from population-based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya

et al. 2012

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In 2008, the global urban population surpassed the rural population and by 2050 more than 6 billion will be living in urban centres. A growing body of research has reported on poor health outcomes among the urban poor but not much is known about HIV prevalence among this group. A survey of nearly 3000 men and women was conducted in two Nairobi slums in Kenya between 2006 and 2007, where respondents were tested for HIV status. In addition, data from the 2008/2009 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey were used to compare HIV prevalence between slum residents and those living in other urban and rural areas. The results showed strong intra-urban differences. HIV was 12% among slum residents compared with 5% and 6% among non-slum urban and rural residents, respectively. Generally, men had lower HIV prevalence than women although in the slums the gap was narrower. Among women, sexual experience before the age of 15 compared with after 19 years was associated with 62% higher odds of being HIV positive. There was ethnic variation in patterns of HIV infection although the effect depended on the current place of residence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents? Evidence from population-based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya

et al. 2012

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“…These efforts will in no way detract from the message that HIV is sexually transmitted, even if it is evident that sexual transmission explains less than 90% of infections in Africa. Public awareness of HIV transmission risk from other prevalent skin-piercing procedures (such as tattooing, shaving with an unsterilized razor, or unsterile dental care) is also poor in Africa, and should be addressed simultaneously [ 46 , 80 , 81 ]. Introducing this information and supporting effective infection control in primary health care could significantly reduce HIV transmission in Africa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review

Reid

2009

Harm Reduct J

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The reuse of injecting equipment in clinical settings is well documented in Africa and appears to play a substantial role in generalized HIV epidemics. The U.S. and the WHO have begun to support large scale injection safety interventions, increased professional education and training programs, and the development and wider dissemination of infection control guidelines. Several African governments have also taken steps to control injecting equipment, including banning syringes that can be reused.However injection drug use (IDU), of heroin and stimulants, is a growing risk factor for acquiring HIV in the region. IDU is increasingly common among young adults in sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with high risk sex, thus linking IDU to the already well established and concentrated generalized HIV epidemics in the region. Demand reduction programs based on effective substance use education and drug treatment services are very limited, and imprisonment is more common than access to drug treatment services.Drug policies are still very punitive and there is widespread misunderstanding of and hostility to harm reduction programs e.g. needle exchange programs are almost non-existent in the region. Among injection drug users and among drug treatment patients in Africa, knowledge that needle sharing and syringe reuse transmit HIV is still very limited, in contrast with the more successfully instilled knowledge that HIV is transmitted sexually. These new injection risks will take on increased epidemiological significance over the coming decade and will require much more attention by African nations to the range of effective harm reduction tools now available in Europe, Asia, and North America.

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“…6,7,8,9 Whilst unlikely, bite-related HIV transmission (especially in cases where there is repeated blood exposure amongst several people at once) may be a potential contributor to nonsexual HIV transmission in high HIV prevalence regions, especially Southern Africa, considering that most bites go unreported. 1,2,3,6,7,8,9 This case was an example of suspected HIV transmission following dog bites in two victims at the same incident. The risk of animal bites-related HIV transmission (especially in cases where there is repeated blood exposure amongst several people at once) is undocumented in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several articles have highlighted the possibility of non-sexual horizontal HIV transmission in Africa as a contributor to the high HIV prevalence. 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 Whilst unlikely, bite-related HIV transmission (especially in cases where there is repeated blood exposure amongst several people at once) may be a potential contributor to non-sexual HIV transmission in high HIV prevalence regions, especially Southern Africa, considering that most bites go unreported. 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspected dog bite associated HIV horizontal transmission in Swaziland

Mlawanda

2013

Afr. j. prim. health care fam. med.

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Background: Dog bites may lead to transmission of bacteria and viruses over and above tetanus and rabies. Theoretically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C may be transmitted after dog bites where transfer of blood from one victim to another occur in clinical practice HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are not considered when making treatment decisions, nor adequate patient history taken to consider all potential risks after dog bites in succession.Objective: To present case of suspected HIV transmission after dog bites in close succession involving two HIV sero-discordant victims.Management and outcome: HIV rapid test and/or HIV Ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerasechain reaction (PCR) results for the victim(s) at presentation and a month later.Results: Two night patrol guards presented to casualty after dog bites in close succession by the same dog. They were managed according to the dog bite protocol. Thinking out of the box, the first victim was found to be HIV positive by rapid test whilst the second victim was negative based on both HIV rapid test and HIV RNA PCR. One month after the dogbites, a case of HIV sero-conversion was confirmed in the second victim despite post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).Discussion: Although an isolated case, shouldn’t clinicians re-think the significance of HIV transmission after animal bites where there is repeated blood exposure in several people insuccession?Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the potential of HIV, Hepatitis B and C transmission, when faced with dog bites in succession.

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Exploratory study of blood exposures that are risks for HIV among Luo and Kisii ethnic groups in Nyanza province, Kenya

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents? Evidence from population-based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya

Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents? Evidence from population-based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya

Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review

Suspected dog bite associated HIV horizontal transmission in Swaziland

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