In this chapter I bring together the different lines of research presented in this volume to examine the tensions and challenges of innovating and researching in schools and consider possible future directions. Three main strands are woven through the chapters and form part of the title of the volume: curriculum, schooling, and applied research. The sections group the chapters into challenges and issues/tensions in three “main critical areas”: global system and policy, school and teacher, and researcher. These may be the principal focus of chapters in these sections, but every chapter addresses some aspects of the other areas, revealing that even though authors may foreground one area or plane for the purpose of analysis (Rogoff, 2003) all areas are necessary to provide a holistic view.