“…In addition to the HAS algorithm that inspired this paper, other nature‐inspired computing and optimization algorithms proposed in recent years, such as the neural dynamic model (Park & Adeli, 1997), PSO (Imran et al., 2019; T. Song, Pu, Schonfeld, Zhang, et al., 2022), ACO (Sushma et al., 2022), harmony search algorithm (Siddique & Adeli, 2015), simulated annealing (Siddique & Adeli, 2016b), water drop algorithms (Siddique & Adeli, 2014b), gravitational search algorithm (Siddique & Adeli, 2016a), bacteria foraging algorithm (Wang et al., 2018), spider monkey optimization (Akhand et al., 2020), and spiral dynamics algorithm (Siddique & Adeli, 2014a), have been enhanced and improved to varying degrees in terms of spatial optimizations and ideas for solving optimization problems, all of which have promising prospects for improvement and application to the field of road or railway design. Some of these algorithms, such as the PSO and the ACO, have already been employed in road or railway design as shown in Table 1.…”