Exploring Black and White Accounts of 21st-Century Racial Profiling: Riding and Driving While Black

Bell, Gina Castle; Hopson, Mark C.; Craig, Richard; Robinson, Nick

doi:10.1080/17459435.2014.955590

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…See Gideon'sArmy (2016). Similar examples and findings are reported elsewhere, see for example,Bell, Hopson, Craig and Robinson (2014).…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter

Cohen¹

2017

J. Benefit Cost Anal.

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This paper identifies the individual components of social harm associated with a hypothetical racially targeted police encounter. Individuals who believe they are being targeted by police because they are members of a racial minority may suffer from fear of physical harm and humiliation by the encounter itself. However, the very fact that individuals will be racially targeted for a police encounter also causes harm to other members of the minority group even if they are not directly subject to an unwarranted encounter. In addition to fear and anxiety over the risk of such an encounter, they will often undertake costly avoidance behaviors to reduce their risk, or to mitigate the risk of any harm if such an encounter occurs. In addition, other members of society who value a nondiscriminatory policing policy might be willing to pay to reduce such unwarranted police encounters, and hence suffer a loss from this policing policy. In addition to discussing possible methodologies for estimating these cost components, this paper raises several issues that must be resolved -such as how to deal with the difference between perceived and actual racially targeted police encounters.

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“…See Gideon'sArmy (2016). Similar examples and findings are reported elsewhere, see for example,Bell, Hopson, Craig and Robinson (2014).…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter

Cohen¹

2017

J. Benefit Cost Anal.

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“…See Gideon'sArmy (2016). Similar examples and findings are reported elsewhere, see for example,Bell, Hopson, Craig and Robinson (2014).terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/bca.2017.23 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter

Cohen

2017

SSRN Journal

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This paper identifies the individual components of social harm associated with a hypothetical racially targeted police encounter. Individuals who believe they are being targeted by police because they are members of a racial minority may suffer from fear of physical harm and humiliation by the encounter itself. However, the very fact that individuals will be racially targeted for a police encounter also causes harm to other members of the minority group even if they are not directly subject to an unwarranted encounter. In addition to fear and anxiety over the risk of such an encounter, they will often undertake costly avoidance behaviors to reduce their risk, or to mitigate the risk of any harm if such an encounter occurs. In addition, other members of society who value a nondiscriminatory policing policy might be willing to pay to reduce such unwarranted police encounters, and hence suffer a loss from this policing policy. In addition to discussing possible methodologies for estimating these cost components, this paper raises several issues that must be resolved-such as how to deal with the difference between perceived and actual racially targeted police encounters.

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“…Profiling also skews criminal justice statistics, which are used to inform policy decisions and can further harbor discrimination (Glaser, 2004). Studies continue to find that this racial profiling is played out in police automobile stops, as law enforcement officers are more likely to stop Black drivers than White drivers (Bell, Hopson, Craig, & Robinson, 2014; Lundman & Kaufman, 2003), which has resulted in Black drivers being fearful of being pulled over and then hoping to survive the interaction with law enforcement (Bell et al, 2014). Fridell and Lim (2016) analyzed use-of-force incidents by police officers and found that the implicit-bias perspective was more likely to explain police behavior than the counter bias perspective, which means that officer bias is likely to produce a greater tendency to use force against African American citizens.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Role of Demographics in Campus Crime Alerts

2016

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Colleges and universities are required by the Clery Act to issue crime alerts to members of the campus community. Issuing agencies have significant discretion in the timing and information included in crime alerts, including the perpetrator descriptors. The inclusion of perpetrator/suspect descriptions in the crime alert is intended to maximize public safety. Race descriptors may have negative consequences through the repetition of minority suspect information. To address the issue of demographic use in crime alerts, a mixed method approach was employed. A summary review of several years of crime alerts issued by a large urban university was conducted to assess the role of demographics. Qualitative data were collected through a series of focus groups and interviews addressing the balance of public safety and potential negative perceptions (perpetuated by crime alerts). Reviewed crime alerts indicate that they are largely posted for violent crimes, particularly robbery, armed robbery, and aggravated assault. Perpetrators are overwhelmingly male and largely Black. It is reasonable to question whether repeated descriptions of crime acts committed by Black males could raise, foster, or enhance negative stereotypes. Recommendations for model crime alerts and campus events are included. Consideration of stereotype impacts may influence crime alerts but circumstances and public risk may supersede these concerns.

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Exploring Black and White Accounts of 21st-Century Racial Profiling: Riding and Driving While Black

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter

The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter

The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter

Examining the Role of Demographics in Campus Crime Alerts

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