“…Studies tend to examine how teachers integrate specific digital text and tool (e.g., iPads, particular apps) in their literacy instruction (Hutchison, Beschorner, & Schmidt Crawford, 2012;Hutchison & Colwell, 2016;Israelson, 2014;Jahnke & -Kumar, 2014;Laster et al, 2016). Other studies provide a broad discussion of different digital tools that teacher educators prepare literacy teachers to use or technological decisions that teachers made to support developmentally appropriate instruction (Boche, 2019;Price-Dennis, Holmes, & Smith, 2015;Steckel et al, 2015;Voogt & McKenney, 2017). Another study focused on inservice kindergarten teachers' discussions about designing on-and off-line early literacy PictoPal activities, but lesson plans or implementation were not included as data sources (Boschman et al, 2015).…”