Exploring gut–lung axis crosstalk in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: Insights from a hACE2 mouse model

Abstract

Based on the forefront of clinical research, there is a growing recognition that the gut microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in shaping both the innate and adaptive immune systems, may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Although an association between altered gut microbiota and COVID‐19 pathogenesis has been established, the causative mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Additionally, the validation of the precise functional alterations within the gut microbiota relevant to COVID‐19 pathogenesis has been limited by a scarcity of suitable animal experimental models. In the present investigation, we employed a newly developed humanized ACE2 knock‐in (hACE2‐KI) mouse model, capable of recapitulating critical aspects of pulmonary and intestinal infection, to explore the modifications in the gut microbiota following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. Examination of fecal samples using 16S rRNA gene profiling unveiled a notable reduction in species richness and conspicuous alterations in microbiota composition at 6 days postinfection (dpi). These alterations were primarily characterized by a decline in beneficial bacterial species and an escalation in certain opportunistic pathogens. Moreover, our analysis entailed a correlation study between the gut microbiota and plasma cytokine concentrations, revealing the potential involvement of the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae genera in attenuating hyperinflammatory responses triggered by the infection. Furthermore, integration of gut microbiota data with RNA‐seq analysis results suggested that the increased presence of Staphylococcus in fecal samples may signify the potential for bacterial coinfection in lung tissues via gut translocation. In summary, our hACE2‐KI mouse model effectively recapitulated the observed alterations in the gut microbiota during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This model presents a valuable tool for elucidating gut microbiota‐targeted strategies aimed at mitigating COVID‐19.

Two new and effective food-extracted immunomodulatory agents exhibit anti-inflammatory response activity in the hACE2 acute lung injury murine model of COVID-19

“…In recent years, there is a growing evidence show that the gut microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in shaping both the innate and adaptive immune systems, may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID‐19 ( 62 ). The clinical researches found that a notable aspect of COVID‐19 is the prevalence of severe gastrointestinal symptoms reported by approximately 50.5% of affected individuals ( 63 ).…”

“…A clear collection between SARS-CoV-2 infection and notable abnormalities in the gut microbiota, which marked as a decreased bacterial diversity, an increased opportunistic pathogens, a depletion of beneficial commensal organisms, and impaired biosynthesis of essential metabolites was established ( 65 – 70 ). In the humanized ACE2 knock‐in (hACE2‐KI) mouse model, a notable reduction in intra‐individual bacterial richness (α‐diversity) and distinct variations in intergroup microbiota composition (β‐diversity), was observed following SARS-CoV-2 infection ( 62 ). In our study, we found that α-diversity and β‐diversity were recovered with the AGE treatment.…”

The influence of coronaviruses on the human gut microflora

“…Age, comorbidities, and a lack of viral control contribute to poor clinical outcomes [12] . SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in elderly and weakened immunes, may involve auxiliary proteins and the human microbiota, but its impact is controversial, necessitating further investigation [48] . Due to the virus SARS-CoV-2, the RNA one that is causing COVID-19, terribly disrupted the virome of human gut, the intestinal microbiome that is highly abundant in the human body compared to the rest.…”