Exploring how, why and in what contexts older adults are at risk of financial cybercrime victimisation: A realist review

Burton, Alexandra; Cooper, Claudia; Dar, Ayesha; Mathews, Lucy; Tripathi, Kartikeya

doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111678

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…41 Decisionmaking, in particular scam susceptibility, are complex behaviors that involve integration and coordination of diverse cognitive, affective, and socioemotional resources that rely on distributed neural networks. 5,14,42,43 We conceptualize that the presence of macroscopic infarcts (as well as AD pathology) impacts these brain networks and degrades specific abilities that may heighten vulnerability to scams. Neuroimaging studies have identified several interacting brain regions within, or highly connected to the frontal lobe, a brain region particularly vulnerable to infarcts (strokes) and β-amyloid pathology in early stages of AD, are likely involved in eco- nomic decision-making and socioemotional abilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, we have shown that the functional impact of various pathologies depends on combination, severity, and pattern of accumulation of brain pathologies . Decision-making, in particular scam susceptibility, are complex behaviors that involve integration and coordination of diverse cognitive, affective, and socioemotional resources that rely on distributed neural networks . We conceptualize that the presence of macroscopic infarcts (as well as AD pathology) impacts these brain networks and degrades specific abilities that may heighten vulnerability to scams.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Pathologies With Scam Susceptibility in Older Adults

Kapasi

Schneider

et al. 2023

JAMA Neurol

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ImportanceScam susceptibility is associated with adverse financial and health outcomes, including an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Very little is known about the role of cerebrovascular pathologies with scam susceptibility.ObjectiveTo examine the association of diverse cerebrovascular pathologies (globally and regionally) with scam susceptibility.Design, setting, and ParticipantsThis clinical-pathological cohort study included participants from 2 ongoing studies of aging that began enrollment in 1994 and 1997. In 2010, participants were enrolled in the decision-making and behavioral economics substudy and were followed up for a mean (SD) of 3.4 (2.6) years prior to death. From 1365 older persons with clinical evaluations, 69 were excluded for having dementia at baseline. From 538 older persons who died, 408 had annual assessments for scam susceptibility, cardiovascular risk burden, and cognitive function and consented to brain donation for detailed neuropathologic examination. Data were analyzed from June 2021 through September 2022.ExposuresNeuropathologic examination identified the presence of macroscopic and microscopic infarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and common neurodegenerative pathologies (Alzheimer disease, limbic-predominant age-related transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 encephalopathy, and Lewy bodies).ResultsThere was a total of 408 participants. The mean (SD) age at death was 91 (6.1) years, the mean (SD) amount of education was 15.6 (3.1) years, and 297 (73%) were women. Participants included 4 Latino individuals (1%), 7 non-Latino Black individuals (2%), and 397 non-Latino White individuals (97%). The frequency of participants with macroscopic infarcts was 38% (n = 154), microinfarcts was 40% (n = 163), and moderate to severe vessel disease; specifically, atherosclerosis was 20% (n = 83), arteriolosclerosis was 25% (n = 100), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy was 35% (n = 143). In linear regression models adjusted for demographics and neurodegenerative pathologies, macroscopic infarcts were associated with greater scam susceptibility (estimate [SE], 0.18 [0.07]; P = .009). This association persisted after adjusting for cardiovascular risk burden and global cognition. Regionally, infarcts localized to the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes and thalamus were associated with greater scam susceptibility. Neither arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, nor microinfarcts were associated with scam susceptibility.Conclusions and RelevanceCerebrovascular pathologies, specifically cerebral infarcts, is linked with greater scam susceptibility in older adults, independent of common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Future studies examining in vivo magnetic resonance imaging markers of cerebrovascular pathologies with scam susceptibility and related decision-making outcomes will be important.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Pathologies With Scam Susceptibility in Older Adults

Kapasi

Schneider

et al. 2023

JAMA Neurol

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“…In addition, the elderly lack knowledge and awareness of cyber security due to a lack of exposure to technology, so they are less likely to identify themselves as potential victims and take fewer steps to protect themselves online [14]. Besides, memory loss might impair one's capacity to recognize criminal activity and retain relevant information about the incident and the perpetrator [15]. Con artists could try to fill up blank memory with data that facilitates fraud.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Elderly Being The Main Target Of Cybe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Criminals might use it to connect with their victims and build trust. Criminals may target the elderly because they typically have larger credit limits and are less likely to check their balances frequently [15]. They may have more diversified assets than their younger counterparts, including real estate, savings, and retirement funds.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Elderly Being The Main Target Of Cybe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Light Review on Cyber Security Awareness Models for the Elderly

Nurul Alieyah Azam,

Alya Geogiana Buja,

Nor Masri Sahri

et al. 2024

ARASET

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Millions of people use the internet daily, including the elderly, who are among the most at-risk groups for cybercrime, such as fraud, hacking, and cyberbullying. However, there has been a lack of cybercrime studies focusing on them. Additionally, various cybersecurity models deployed by governments and organizations are found to be inconvenient and too technical for the elderly, especially those with impairments or conditions that require special attention. This subsequently leads to an increasing number of cybercrimes. Therefore, this paper presents a light review of existing cybersecurity models suitable for the elderly. Three methods were used to review existing cybersecurity awareness models. First, a feasibility study was conducted following several works of literature related to cybersecurity, types of cybercrimes involving the elderly, characteristics of the elderly commonly targeted by cybercriminals, cybersecurity awareness models, and the elderly's learning styles. Second, based on the literature review, the elderly's learning styles were analyzed. Finally, the cybersecurity awareness model suitable for the elderly was chosen and analyzed with respect to their phases, validity, and technicality. In conclusion, the SCSAM-Elderly was selected as the most suitable model for the elderly to learn and spread awareness of cybersecurity. This study could increase cybersecurity awareness and encourage educating the elderly to maximize their knowledge of cybersecurity. The findings from this study can guide organizations, agencies, governments, and educational institutions in their endeavours to educate the elderly about cybercrime and cyberattacks.

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“…Burton, A. and co-authors of the article [ 5 ] identify factors that influence the victimization of older people. Older people are at increased risk on the Internet and are often victims of financial cybercrimes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecasting of digital financial crimes in Russia based on machine learning methods

Ivanyuk

2023

J Comput Virol Hack Tech

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In the modern world, economic relations, business, and markets are increasingly being transferred to the online world. Accordingly, the percentage of a new type of financial fraud – digital crimes – is also growing. In Russia, they are one of the leaders in economic crimes. Constant development and improvement of digital technologies make for the emergence of increasingly sophisticated types of digital fraud. Information security management systems are among the most important parts of both public and private internal policy of the enterprises that use them. Every year, the issue of combating cyber attacks is becoming more acute. For example, in 2021, the volume of transactions without the consent of bank customers increased by 38.8% compared to 2020. For cyber risks not to lead to such serious consequences, it is necessary to determine the influence of external factors on the dynamics of digital financial crimes in Russia. We will develop a predictive system based on machine learning methods to predict the number of digital financial crimes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11416-023-00480-3.

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Exploring how, why and in what contexts older adults are at risk of financial cybercrime victimisation: A realist review

Cited by 23 publications

References 50 publications

Association of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Pathologies With Scam Susceptibility in Older Adults

Association of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Pathologies With Scam Susceptibility in Older Adults

A Light Review on Cyber Security Awareness Models for the Elderly

Forecasting of digital financial crimes in Russia based on machine learning methods

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