Exploring influences on pharmacists’ and students’ ethical reasoning in a changing practice landscape in Australia

Sim, Tin Fei; Sunderland, Bruce; Hattingh, Laetitia

doi:10.1007/s11096-018-0774-x

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Whilst the foundation of ethical reasoning can be established in university studies, continuous professional development and practical exposure is needed to advance the skill. 20,23 In the current study, two hundred and seventy-four (89.8%) participants had accessed ethical information at the practice site. This is higher than the finding from Central Saudi Arabia (64.8%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Community pharmacy professionals in different countries are experiencing frequent and complex ethical dilemmas which compromise ethical pharmacy practice. 6,8,15,[19][20][21] They often run a commercial matter nearby their work sites which further augment the dilemmas. 22,23 Community pharmacy practice results many ethical conflicts because of the advertisement flora and fauna of pharmacy, 23 arising from conflicting personal, professional, institutional or societal values of the different parties involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Community Pharmacy Professionals’ Attitude and Perception Towards Ethical Issues in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey 2020

Simegn¹,

Weldegerima²,

Endeshaw³

et al. 2021

RMHP

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The objective of this study was to assess the attitude and perception of community pharmacy professionals' towards ethical issues. Methods: We have undertaken a cross-sectional study among community pharmacy professionals in three selected towns (Gondar, Bahir Dar, and Debra Markos) of Amhara region in Ethiopia from February to March 2020. All community pharmacy professionals who were giving services during the data collection period were the study population. We used a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire developed from a review of previous study. Epiinfo 7.1 was used for data entry, and SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Logistic regression was done, and a variable with a p-value < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval was considered to be associated with outcome variable. Results: A total of 305 community pharmacy professionals participated in the study with a response rate of 95.3%. About 252 (82.6%) of respondents received education regarding professional ethics. Majority (89.8%) of the participants had ever accessed ethical information at their work site. Only 145 (47.5%) participants had ever recorded ethical issues in their working site. The most common reasons that obstruct to explain ethical issues to customers were shortage of time (85.9%), unavailability of reliable resources (40.0%), and poor ethical knowledge (37.7%). The reporting rate of respondents is less than 50% for most ethical scenarios. Sex, age, educational status, work experience, number of customers per day, working site, information about ethics, and training about ethics were observed to have a significant association with attitude and perception of community pharmacy professionals towards ethical issues. Conclusion: Community pharmacy professionals had poor attitude and perception towards ethical issues. Interventions should be devised to uphold ethical awareness of community pharmacy professionals. A large-scale study is also recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Community Pharmacy Professionals’ Attitude and Perception Towards Ethical Issues in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey 2020

Simegn¹,

Weldegerima²,

Endeshaw³

et al. 2021

RMHP

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“…Pharmacy schools in the country have a role in this area as well. Courses on ethics with extensive focus on ‘ethical dilemmas’ identified in the country need to be introduced into the pharmacy curricula at the university undergraduate level 24,33. Continuous professional development and educational programs would also be valuable 17,31,34.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community pharmacy ethical practice in Jordan: assessing attitude, needs and barriers

Alqudah¹,

Tuza²,

Tawfiek³

et al. 2019

Pharm Pract /Granada)

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Background: Having a local code of ethics, based on moral obligations and virtues, known to all practicing pharmacists is important in order to guide them in relationships with patients, health professionals, and society. Objective: To investigate pharmacists’ attitude and barriers towards applying the ethical principles published by the Jordanian Pharmacists Association in the Jordanian code of ethics. Methods: The study objectives were addressed in a cross-sectional study completed by a convenience sample of community pharmacists, in both cities; Amman and Irbid A questionnaire was used to achieve the study objective. The questionnaire was developed and validated, investigating pharmacists’ socio-demographic and practice characteristics, perceived attitude toward certain practice scenarios, and perceived barriers towards applying the locally published ethical principles while dealing with their patients. The questionnaire was self-completed by pharmacists between January and August 2017. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics and parametric tests were used with p<0.05 set a priori as significant. Results: Seven hundred and four pharmacists (Amman n=486; Irbid n=218) responded to the questionnaire, providing completely answered questionnaires with a response rates of 69.4% in Amman and 99.6% in Irbid. Pharmacists from both cities revealed that they use the Internet as their main resource to obtain ethical information when they need it, to help them deal with their patients (34.0% from Amman and 31.5% from Irbid). More pharmacists in Amman (57.0%) had access to resources regarding ethical information at their practice sites compared to pharmacists in Irbid (24.0%). Significant differences in attitude was found between pharmacists practicing in both cities, as significantly less pharmacists from Amman (37.8%) declared that they would sell a medication for an unreported indication according to national and international guidelines, if recommended by the consultant, compared to pharmacists from Irbid (77.7%, p<0.001). Conclusions: Despite having ethical guidance from the Jordanian Pharmacists Association, the majority of pharmacists in Jordan do not use this resource; instead, most choose to access ethical guidance on-line. Pharmacists from the capital, Amman, reported to adhere more with the guidelines when selling a medication for an unreported indication compared to pharmacists from the smaller city, Irbid. Results of this study call for more actions from the authorities in the country responsible for setting and enforcing the pharmaceutical Code of Ethics.

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“…Indeed, a very competitive environment, such as that of community pharmacies, may exacerbate the pressure and conflicts between professional pharmaceutical ethics and employers' business interests [9,10,16,18,24,26]. The most frequent conflicts faced by pharmacists in the community pharmacies are related to the setting of sales targets by their employers [10,11,19,24], dispensing complementary medicines [9,11,16,17,19], making time for patient counselling [9,17,18] and collecting expired medicines from patients for proper disposal [3,21,24]. Dealing with such conflict situations frequently may have a major negative impact on the pharmacists' professional satisfaction and commitment to providing quality services to their patients [10,18,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dealing with such conflict situations frequently may have a major negative impact on the pharmacists' professional satisfaction and commitment to providing quality services to their patients [10,18,26]. Furthermore, the broadening of community pharmacy activities (e.g., medication review and management, screening, testing, and vaccination) and the development of online pharmacies (e.g., internet sales, online communication with patients, providing software for health monitoring) require pharmacists to develop their ability to manage conflicts between ethics and business, including clinical versus commercial communication, in order to preserve the status of health professionals and protect the patients' interests [7,10,19,27]. Although pharmacists perceive commercial practices as unethical [6,11,[16][17][18]24], patients do not share the same opinion when it comes to incentives or loyalty programs: "pharmacists are perceived to be ethical decision makers" [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethics and Business in Community Pharmacies – A Framework for an Ethical Dialogue

TOMA¹

2022

FARMACIA

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The community pharmacy is a health institution and a business at the same time. Pharmacists in community pharmacies often find themselves in situations that represent a conflict between professional ethics and business interests. The most frequent conflicts are related to the setting of sales targets by employers, dispensing complementary medicines, making time for patient counseling, and collecting expired medicines from patients. We believe that solving such conflicts between ethics and business requires the intervention of the pharmacists' professional associations, which should initiate a dialogue with pharmacists' employers. The objective of this paper was to propose a framework for an ethical dialogue to help these associations find solutions agreed upon by all stakeholders. Within the proposed framework, we analysed every conflict situation occurring between ethics and business using a model for ethical problem-solving and suggested common action plans for resolving these conflicts. We found that ethics and business may have common goals in community pharmacies, such as the satisfaction of patients and employed pharmacists or the sustainable development of companies. The goals may be reached by training, implication, and cooperation within the ethical dialogue framework, both at the organizational and individual levels. Our findings are useful and important for supporting initiatives of conflict resolution through collaboration between pharmacists' professional associations and employers, to identify and implement common actions in community pharmacies. RezumatFarmacia comunitară este o instituție de sănătate și o afacere în același timp. Farmaciștii din farmaciile comunitare se află adesea în situații ce implică un conflict între etica profesională și interesele de afacere. Cele mai frecvente astfel de conflicte sunt legate de stabilirea unui target de vânzări de către angajatori, eliberarea de produse farmaceutice asociate, alocarea de timp pentru consilierea pacienților și colectarea de medicamente expirate de la populație. Considerăm că, pentru rezolvarea unor astfel de conflicte între etică și afacere, este necesară intervenția asociațiilor profesionale ale farmaciștilor, care ar trebui să inițieze un dialog cu angajatorii acestora. Lucrarea are ca scop propunerea unui cadru de dialog etic pentru a ajuta aceste asociații în identificarea unor soluții agreate de toate părțile implicate. În acest cadru, s-a analizat fiecare situație de conflict între etică și afacere, folosind un model pentru rezolvarea problemelor etice și s-au propus planuri de acțiune comună pentru rezolvarea acestor conflicte. Rezultatele cercetării noastre arată că etica și afacerile pot avea țeluri comune în farmaciile comunitare, precum satisfacția pacienților și a farmaciștilor angajați sau dezvoltarea sustenabilă a firmelor. Aceste țeluri pot fi atinse prin formare, implicare și cooperare într-un cadru adecvat de dialog etic, atât la nivel organizațional, cât și la nivel individual. Aceste rezultate sunt utile și importante pen...

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Exploring influences on pharmacists’ and students’ ethical reasoning in a changing practice landscape in Australia

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

Assessment of Community Pharmacy Professionals’ Attitude and Perception Towards Ethical Issues in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey 2020

Assessment of Community Pharmacy Professionals’ Attitude and Perception Towards Ethical Issues in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey 2020

Community pharmacy ethical practice in Jordan: assessing attitude, needs and barriers

Ethics and Business in Community Pharmacies – A Framework for an Ethical Dialogue

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