Exploring interactive effects of climate change and exotic pathogens on Quercus suber performance: Damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi varies across contrasting scenarios of soil moisture

Homet, Pablo; González, Mario; Matías, Luis; Godoy, Óscar; Pérez-Ramos, Ignacio Manuel; García, Luis V.; Gómez‐Aparicio, Lorena

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.06.004

Cited by 36 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Plantations and natural forests of Q. ilex have indeed been severely damaged by the exotic and highly destructive Oomycete root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi [40,41], which has been proposed as the main factor for oak decline in Spain and Portugal; and the high mortality of Q. ilex seedlings growing in P. cinnamomi infested soils has been observed after waterlogging combined with subsequent water deprivation [42]. Relatedly, important root damage was observed at higher levels of soil moisture in Quercus suber seedlings growing in soils inoculated with P. cinnamomi [43]. Therefore, one possible explanation that is in line with the mortality patterns observed in Fig 3 as well as the higher mortality in the Control is that the wetter soil conditions increased the likelihood of root infection with oomycetes.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Microhabitat and ectomycorrhizal effects on the establishment, growth and survival of Quercus ilex L. seedlings under drought

et al. 2020

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The success of tree recruitment in Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex) forests is threatened by the increasing intensity, duration and frequency of drought periods. Seedling germination and growth are modulated by complex interactions between abiotic (microhabitat conditions) and biotic factors (mycorrhiza association) that may mitigate the impacts of climate change on tree recruitment. To better understand and anticipate these effects, we conducted a germination experiment in a long-term precipitation reduction (PR) field experiment where we monitored seedling establishment and survival, micro-habitat conditions and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization by different mycelia exploration types during the first year of seedling growth. We hypothesized that (i) the PR treatment decreases seedling survival relative to the control with ambient conditions, (ii) microhabitat conditions of water and light availability are better predictors of seedling survival than the PR treatment, (iii) the PR treatment will favour the development of ECM exploration types with droughtresistance traits such as differentiated rhizomorphs. Contrary to our first hypothesis, seedling survival was lower in control plots with overall higher soil moisture. Micro-habitat light and soil moisture conditions were better predictors of seedling survival and growth than the plot-level PR treatment, confirming our second hypothesis. Furthermore, in line with our third hypothesis, we found that ECM with longer extramatrical mycelia were more abundant in the PR treatment plots and were positively correlated to survival, which suggests a potential role of this ECM exploration type in seedling survival and recruitment. Although summer drought was the main cause of seedling mortality, our study indicates that drier conditions in spring can increase seedling survival, presumably through a synergistic effect of drought adapted ECM species and less favourable conditions for root pathogens.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Microhabitat and ectomycorrhizal effects on the establishment, growth and survival of Quercus ilex L. seedlings under drought

et al. 2020

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“…High humidity is known to promote plant pathogens, while freezing days suppress them, with responses varying amongst taxonomic groups (Harvell et al 2002;Chakraborty 2013;Garrett et al 2016). For example, water moulds (Oomycetes) and fungal pathogens are both generally promoted under warmer, wetter climates (Welsh et al 2014;Homet et al 2019), making them likely candidates for the pathogens affecting cushion dieback, potentially acting individually or in consortium with multiple taxa. Leaf saturation is important in disease outbreaks (see Huber & Gillespie 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread dieback in a foundation species on a sub‐Antarctic World Heritage Island: Fine‐scale patterns and likely drivers

et al. 2020

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Under anthropogenic climate change, emerging diseases and pathogens are increasingly prevalent in high latitude and altitude regions that were previously protected by cold winter temperatures. Ongoing island‐wide dieback of a foundation species, the cushion plant Azorella macquariensis, on World Heritage listed Macquarie Island provides the first sub‐Antarctic example. To better understand the island‐wide progression of cushion dieback and its drivers, we established and quantified plant condition classes and measured microclimate across 62 sites. We then tested whether the drivers of cushion dieback were associated with (i) water stress: represented by vapour pressure deficit, wind exposure and gravel content, (ii) pathogen virulence: using freezing days and extreme humidity as empirically supported surrogates, or (iii) both. There was a strong north‐south progression in cushion condition, with dieback most active in the centre of the island and advanced in the north. Dieback was most extensive at sites with fewer freezing days and high humidity. Natural southern refugia were explained by the significantly colder temperatures, associated with a north‐south temperature gradient. It is expected that under current climate change trajectories, where Macquarie is likely to continue to become warmer and wetter, cushion dieback will remain pervasive, expanding most slowly in the south and potentially outpacing recovery. We emphasise the need for increased awareness to prevent the establishment of pathogens into and across the landscapes of newly susceptible high latitude and altitude regions. Areas of high conservation significance need to be prioritised for management, to prevent further landscape‐scale change under current climate trajectories.

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“…Plantations and natural forests of Q. ilex have indeed been severely damaged by the exotic and highly destructive Oomycete root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi [37,38], which has been proposed as the main factor for oak decline in Spain and Portugal; and the complete mortality of Q. ilex seedlings growing in P. cinnamomi infested soils has been observed after waterlogging combined with subsequent water deprivation [39]. Additionally, important root damage was observed at higher levels of soil moisture in Quercus suber seedlings growing in soils inoculated with P. cinnamomi [40]. Therefore, one possible explanation that is in line with the mortality patterns observed in Fig 3 as well as the higher mortality in the Control treatment is that the wetter soil conditions increased the likelihood of root infection with oomycetes presumably started during root system establishment in spring before the soil started drying (Fig 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microhabitat and ectomycorrhizal effects on the establishment, growth and survival ofQuercus ilexL. seedlings under drought

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et al. 2020

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18 The success of tree recruitment in Mediterranean Quercus ilex forests is threatened by the 19 increasing intensity, duration and frequency of drought periods. Seedling germination and 20 growth are modulated by complex interactions between abiotic (microhabitat conditions) and 21 biotic factors (mycorrhiza association) that may mitigate the impacts of climate change on tree 22 recruitment. To better understand and anticipate these effects, we conducted a germination 23 experiment in a long-term precipitation reduction (PR) field experiment where we monitored 24 seedling establishment and survival, micro-environmental conditions and ectomycorrhizal 25 (ECM) colonization by different mycelia exploration types during the first year of seedling 2 26 growth. We hypothesized that (i) the PR treatment decreases seedling survival relative to the 27 control with ambient conditions, (ii) the underlying mechanisms for seedling survival are better 28 understood with detailed information of microhabitat water and light availability irrespective 29 of the PR treatment, (iii) the PR treatment will favour the development of ECM exploration 30 types with drought-resistance traits such as differentiated rhizomorphs. Contrary to our first 31 hypothesis, seedling survival was lower in control plots with overall higher soil moisture.32 Micro-site light and soil moisture conditions were better predictors of seedling survival and 33 growth than the plot-level PR treatment, confirming our second hypothesis. Furthermore, in 34 line with our third hypothesis, we found that ECM with longer extramatrical mycelia were more 35 abundant in the PR treatment plots and were positively correlated to survival, which suggests a 36 potential role of this ECM exploration type in seedling survival and recruitment. Although 37 summer drought was the main cause of seedling mortality, our study indicates that drier 38 conditions in spring can increase seedling survival, presumably through a synergistic effect of 39 drought adapted ECM species and less favourable conditions for root pathogens. 40 41 Introduction 42The success of seedling establishment is one of the most critical processes determining 43 forest regeneration dynamics and long-term persistence of tree species. In Mediterranean 44 forests, where summer drought is already a major cause of mortality of woody species during 45 early life stages [1,2], the success of tree establishment is expected to deteriorate as a 46 consequence of the ongoing climate change. Climate models for the Mediterranean region 47 predict longer and more severe drought episodes in the near future [3] and the first signs of 48 climate change impacts on forests are already documented as tree dieback and crown defoliation 49 [4,5]. As Mediterranean forests are, for the most part, naturally regenerated, a better 3 50 understanding and quantification of drought effects on tree recruitment processes is needed to 51 better mitigate the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. 52 The success of tree recruitment under ...

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Exploring interactive effects of climate change and exotic pathogens on Quercus suber performance: Damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi varies across contrasting scenarios of soil moisture

Cited by 36 publications

References 51 publications

Microhabitat and ectomycorrhizal effects on the establishment, growth and survival of Quercus ilex L. seedlings under drought

Microhabitat and ectomycorrhizal effects on the establishment, growth and survival of Quercus ilex L. seedlings under drought

Widespread dieback in a foundation species on a sub‐Antarctic World Heritage Island: Fine‐scale patterns and likely drivers

Microhabitat and ectomycorrhizal effects on the establishment, growth and survival ofQuercus ilexL. seedlings under drought

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