Exploring Next Generation Probiotics for Metabolic and Microbiota Dysbiosis Linked to Xenobiotic Exposure: Holistic Approach

Abstract

Variation of gut microbiota in metabolic diseases seems to be related to dysbiosis induced by exposure to multiple substances called Microbiota Disrupting Chemicals (MDCs), which are present as environmental and dietary contaminants. Some recent studies have focused on elucidating the alterations of gut microbiota taxa and their metabolites as a consequence of xenobiotic exposures to find possible key targets involved in the severity of the host disease triggered. Compilation of data supporting the triad of xenobiotic-microbiota-metabolic diseases would subsequently allow such health misbalances to be prevented or treated by identifying beneficial microbe taxa that could be Next Generation Probiotics (NGPs) with metabolic enzymes for MDC neutralisation and mitigation strategies. In this review, we aim to compile the available information and reports focused on variations of the main gut microbiota taxa in metabolic diseases associated with xenobiotic exposure and related microbial metabolite profiles impacting the host health status. We performed an extensive literature search using SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. The data retrieval and thorough analyses highlight the need for more combined metagenomic and metabolomic studies revealing signatures for xenobiotics and triggered metabolic diseases. Moreover, metabolome and microbiome compositional taxa analyses allow further exploration of how to target beneficial NGP candidates according to their alleged variability abundance and potential therapeutic significance. Furthermore, this holistic approach has identified limitations and the need of future directions to expand and integrate key knowledge to design appropriate clinical and interventional studies with NGPs. Apart from human health, the beneficial microbes and metabolites identified could also be proposed for various applications under One Health, such as probiotics for animals, plants and environmental bioremediation.

Next-Generation Probiotics as Novel Therapeutics for Improving Human Health: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

“…NGPs can also modulate the production and secretion of bile acids, which are not only essential for the digestion and absorption of fats but also act as signaling molecules in various metabolic processes. The dysregulation of bile acid metabolism has been implicated in several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, and the ability of NGPs to modulate this process holds therapeutic potential [ 64 ]. They also compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and space in the gut, thereby improving mucus production and strengthening the intestinal epithelial barrier which result in reducing the growth of harmful bacteria and promoting a healthy gut microbiome.…”

Beneficial Bacteria Isolated from Food in Relation to the Next Generation of Probiotics

“…There is a growing number of candidates for a potentially beneficial bacteria, the most promising are Akkermansia muciniphila , Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , Anaerobutyricum hallii , Bacteroides spp., Roseburia spp. and Clostridium butyricum Bacteroides uniformis , Bacteroides acidifaciens , Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , Prevotella copri , Christensenella minuta , and Parabacteroides goldsteinii [ 65 , 66 ]. Table 1 shows the characteristic of selected candidates of next-generation probiotics.…”

“…The variety of host–microbiome interrelationships and co-varying factors require more research in the near future to better understand the mechanisms and correlations. With the background of many studies, we are convinced that the microbiome possesses great diagnostic potential and its appropriate manipulation gives an opportunity for targeted therapeutic intervention [ 66 , 69 ]. The relationship between the gut microbiome and immune system as well as bidirectional interplay with many host organs and systems, such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, kidney, and skin, is relevant to health and disease [ 70 , 71 ].…”

The Importance of a Healthy Microbiome in Pregnancy and Infancy and Microbiota Treatment to Reverse Dysbiosis for Improved Health

“…Another approach is to use bacterial strains important in a healthy human microbiome as a probiotic cocktail, including strains of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Roseburia, Alistipes, Fecalibacterium, Prevotella, Blautia and Akkermansia spp. [167]. It is hoped that by combining strains with known physiologic roles in the human microbiome, synergistic or additive effects will be seen.…”