“…To ensure validity, the questionnaire items were adapted from previous relevant literature. Items for the smart governance dimension were adapted from (Anthopoulos et al, 2019;Tahir and Malek, 2016); items for the smart living dimension were adapted from Tahir and Malek, 2016); items for the smart people dimension were adapted from (Mishra et al, 2017;Tahir and Malek, 2016), items for the smart mobility dimension were adapted from (Jr et al, 2017;Giffinger and Gudrun, 2010), items for the economy dimension were adapted from Tahir and Malek, 2016), Items for the environment dimension were adapted from Giffinger and Gudrun, 2010). Finally, the questionnaire items for sustainable development were sourced from the studies conducted by Lee (2013) and Ciegis et al (2009).…”