“…However, when the studies above are analyzed, it is clear that no previous empirical study in Russia or other countries investigated pre-service teachers' ICT competency beliefs. In addition, the existing studies in the literature have examined pre-service teachers' digital competencies (Cebi & Reisoglu, 2020;Tomczyk et Contemporary Educational Technology, 2024 Contemporary Educational Technology, 16(2), ep500 3 / 10 al., 2023), digital skills (Kwaah et al, 2022;Urakova et a., 2023), and the 21 st century skills as digital skills (Karakoyun & Lindberg, 2020). Because of this reason, there is a gap in examining pre-service teachers' ICT competency beliefs.…”