“…Deep learning methodologies, integrated into medicinal chemistry workflows, aim to expedite the DMTA cycle, thereby delivering superior molecules more rapidly. 29–31 While substantial research in machine learning applications has focused on the deployment of generative methods 32–36 and structure-based scoring functions for bioactivity prediction, 37–42 the development of machine learning methods for efficient synthesis planning of complex molecules has emerged as another challenge in the field of drug discovery. 43,44 Especially, graph-based machine learning methods, facilitating efficient learning on three-dimensional (3D) molecular models, have proven instrumental in various domains of chemistry.…”