“…These difficulties are evidenced by the range of techniques developed for removing contaminants including, for example, the use of various types of resin and other adsorbing materials [1][2][3][4], porous graphitized carbon [5][6][7], various membranes [8,9], lectins [10,11], immobilized boronic acids [10,12], and drop dialysis [13]. In our laboratory, Nafion 117 [8] and other membranes are routinely used but, even though these sometimes give spectacular improvements in signals [14], on other occasions they make little or no difference to the detection of glycans.…”