Exploring the biology of the nail: An intriguing but less-investigated skin appendage

Saito, Masataka; Ohyama, Manabu; Amagai, Masayuki

doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.04.011

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…nearly complete downregulation of HLA-A, -B, and -C expression on keratinocytes and melanocytes of the proximal nail matrix, with expression instead of HLA-G, which can inhibit NK and cytotoxic T cell functions; remarkably down-regulated expression of MHC class II and CD209 (DC-SIGN) by Langerhans cells; low numbers in the mesenchyme of NK and mast cells, both key players in innate immunity; and prominent local expression of macrophage inhibitory factor and several other anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive proteins in the proximal nail matrix (Ito et al, 2005;Saito et al, 2015).…”

Section: Studies Of Mammalian Digit Tip Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation and immunity in organ regeneration

Mescher¹,

Neff²,

King³

2017

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

123

101

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The ability of vertebrates to regenerate amputated appendages is increasingly well-understood at the cellular level. Cells mediating an innate immune response and inflammation in the injured tissues are a prominent feature of the limb prior to formation of a regeneration blastema, with macrophage activity necessary for blastema growth and successful development of the new limb. Studies involving either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory agents suggest that the local inflammation produced by injury and its timely resolution are both important for regeneration, with blastema patterning inhibited in the presence of unresolved inflammation. Various experiments with Xenopus larvae at stages where regenerative competence is declining show improved digit formation after treatment with certain immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant agents. Similar work with the larval Xenopus tail has implicated adaptive immunity with regenerative competence and suggests a requirement for regulatory T cells in regeneration, which also occurs in many systems of tissue regeneration. Recent analyses of the human nail organ indicate a capacity for local immune tolerance, suggesting roles for adaptive immunity in the capacity for mammalian appendage regeneration. New information and better understanding regarding the neuroendocrine-immune axis in the response to stressors, including amputation, suggest additional approaches useful for investigating effects of the immune system during repair and regeneration.

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Section: Studies Of Mammalian Digit Tip Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation and immunity in organ regeneration

Mescher¹,

Neff²,

King³

2017

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

123

101

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“…All analysed lesions were found within the nail wall, what could indicate that the nail matrix infection is secondary to the nail wall infection [15]. A specific immunological environment within the NA ("an immunological privileged organ") favours the development of lesions (weakened ability to activate cell response) [15,16]. NUSCC recurrences associated with HPV infections after procedures occurred more often than in SCC found in other sites.…”

Section: Pacjentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wszystkie analizowane zmiany zlokalizowane były w obrębie wału paznokciowego, co mogłoby wskazywać, że infekcja macierzy paznokcia jest wtórna do zakażenia wału paznokciowego [15]. Specyficzne środowisko immunologiczne w obrębie AP ("narząd immunologicznie uprzywilejowany") także sprzyja rozwojowi zmian (osłabiona zdolność do aktywacji odpowiedzi komórkowej) [15,16]. Nawroty NUSCC związanego z infekcją HPV po zabiegach zdarzały się częściej niż w innych lokalizacjach SCC.…”

Section: Pacjentunclassified

Therapeutic and diagnostic difficulties concerning verrucae of the nail apparatus – a description of selected cases

Jaworek¹,

Maciejowska-Podosek²,

Englert³

et al. 2019

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Verruca is a general term for lesions that are clinical manifestations of an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). A particularly difficult (both diagnostically and therapeutically) site of verrucae is the nail apparatus within which anatomical conditions significantly hinder successful treatment of these common skin infections. The aim of the article is to present a series of three cases of patients with verrucae within the nail apparatus, including one case with a secondary involvement of the vermillion boarder due to biting and chewing the nail apparatus area. Diagnostics and treatment of nail apparatus verrucae constitute a special challenge in everyday dermatological practice due to its unique and hard-to-reach anatomical site as well as the risk for secondary HPV infections and development of nail unit squamous cell carcinoma. STrESzczEniEBrodawki wirusowe to ogólna nazwa zmian będących kliniczną manifestacją zakażenia wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV). Szczególnie trudną (zarówno diagnostycznie, jak i terapeutycznie) lokalizacją brodawek wirusowych jest aparat paznokciowy, w obrębie którego warunki anatomiczne często znacząco utrudniają skuteczne leczenie tych powszechnie występujących infekcji skóry. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie serii trzech przypadków pacjentów z brodawkami wirusowymi w obrębie aparatu paznokciowego, w tym jednego przypadku z wtórnym zajęciem czerwieni wargowej z powodu obryzgania i żucia okolicy aparatu paznokciowego. Diagnostyka i leczenie brodawek wirusowych aparatu paznokciowego stanowi wyzwanie w codziennej praktyce dermatologicznej ze względu na specyficzną, trudno dostępną lokalizację anatomiczną oraz ryzyko rozwoju raka kolczystokomórkowego okolicy płytki paznokciowej wtórnego do infekcji HPV.

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“…Nails are derived formations of epithelial tissues, along with hair, hooves and claws. A number of foreign researchers call the nails as «nail organ» or a «nail unit» in an effort to emphasize the complexity of their structure and mechanisms of their functioning [1,2]. The underestimation of the nail unit value among other organs was caused by insufficient knowledge about the biology of the nail.…”

Section: Anatomy and Histology Of The Nail Organmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem cells in nail unit of mammalians

Kalmukova

2016

JCOT

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The review analyzes the current state of experimental studies on the ability to obtain and cultivate stem cells from the nail organ and their possible involvement in the regeneration of a limb. It has been known that the nail unit consists of a pool of undifferentiated cells which provide sustained growth and nail repair throughout life. But, nowadays the issue of stem cell niche localization in the nail organ remains unresolved. Also, researchers demonstrated involvement of these cells in the restoration of amputated limbs, in particular, through activation of certain signaling pathways (Wnt, BMP, Notch), and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, but the detailed mechanism of this process is poorly understood. It is supposed that the nail organ has two sources of undifferentiated cells of different origin: the proximal nail fold and the dorsal part of the nail matrix (K15+, K19+, PHLDA1+); and onychodermis (CD10+, CD34–). However, these markers are not generally accepted, so the search for markers combinations for exhaustive and complete characterization of stem cells from the nail organ continues.

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Exploring the biology of the nail: An intriguing but less-investigated skin appendage

Cited by 29 publications

References 51 publications

Inflammation and immunity in organ regeneration

Inflammation and immunity in organ regeneration

Therapeutic and diagnostic difficulties concerning verrucae of the nail apparatus – a description of selected cases

Stem cells in nail unit of mammalians

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