Exploring the Crosstalk between Adipose Tissue and the Cardiovascular System

Abstract

Obesity is a clinical entity critically involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is characterised by variable expansion of adipose tissue (AT) mass across the body as well as by phenotypic alterations in AT. AT is able to secrete a diverse spectrum of biologically active substances called adipocytokines, which reach the cardiovascular system via both endocrine and paracrine routes, potentially regulating a variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses in the vasculature and heart. Such responses include regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress as well as cell proliferation, migration and hypertrophy. Furthermore, clinical observations such as the “obesity paradox,” namely the fact that moderately obese patients with CVD have favourable clinical outcome, strongly indicate that the biological “quality” of AT may be far more crucial than its overall mass in the regulation of CVD pathogenesis. In this work, we describe the anatomical and biological diversity of AT in health and metabolic disease; we next explore its association with CVD and, importantly, novel evidence for its dynamic crosstalk with the cardiovascular system, which could regulate CVD pathogenesis.

Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review)

“…Mechanistically, other researchers have expressed the opinion that obesity induces a type of preconditioning to inflammatory cues, constituting obese patients more resistant to the high influx of inflammatory cytokines under ardS or heart failure conditions. indeed, it has been suggested in cardiovascular disease patients that the aforesaid obese may reflect the biological properties of adipose tissue (153). indeed, not all obese people present inflammation; thus, the terms of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity are used with metabolically unhealthy obesity being linked to increased visceral/abdominal fat (76).…”

The Role of Mesenteric Adipose Tissue in Crohn’s Disease

“…Adipose tissue can be classified into white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and the recently discovered beige adipose tissue (BAT) [2,10].…”

“…WAT presents an energy-storing property and a secretory function [3][4][5]. WAT is anatomically divided into distinct depots: subcutaneous and visceral fat [2,9].…”

“…Obese patients have visceral adiposity and are more prone to develop insulin resistance, which strongly correlates with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the pattern of adipokines secreted by visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue is different [2,9,11].…”

“…Therefore, changes in biological characteristics of different depots of adipose tissue give rise to different cardiometabolic conditions [9,13]. Indeed, the heterogeneity among different anatomical depots also appears to stem from their intrinsic diversity, including cellular developmental origin, proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, cytokine pattern, thermogenic ability, and vascularization [1,2,5].…”