The authors tested neighborhood context, negative life events, and negative affectivity as predictors of the onset of major depression among 720 African American women. Neighborhood-level economic disadvantage (e.g., percentage of residents below the poverty line) and social disorder (e.g., delinquency, drug use) predicted the onset of major depression when controlling for individual-level demographic characteristics. Neighborhood-level disadvantage/disorder interacted with negative life events, such that women who experienced recent negative life events and lived in high disadvantage/ disorder neighborhoods were more likely to become depressed than were those who lived in more benign settings, both concurrently and over a 2-year period. Neighborhood disadvantage/disorder can be viewed as a vulnerability factor that increases susceptibility to depression following the experience of negative life events.The neighborhood contexts in which people live affect many aspects of their lives, including their daily stress level, personal safety, and available resources. Contextual effects have been hypothesized for development in general and for mental health in particular (Bronfenbrenner, 1979a(Bronfenbrenner, ,1979b(Bronfenbrenner, ,1986Jessor, 1992Jessor, ,1993. The MacArthur Foundation issued a set of recommendations calling for systematic consideration of the role of context in the etiology of psychopathology (Boyce, Frank, Jensen, Kessler, Nelson, & Steinberg, 1998). However, to date, neighborhood contexts have received relatively little attention as a factor in mental health. Considerably more work has been done on the effects of neighborhood context on delinquency,