“…Notably, the Moroccan education system has adopted a competency-based methodology as an instructional innovation. Some Moroccan scholars have demonstrated the meaningful incorporation of environmental education directives aimed at nurturing the environmental competencies of secondary school students (El Azzouzi, Elachqar, & Kaddari, 2023;El Moussaouy et al, 2014;El-Batri et al, 2019). These proficiencies equip students to react constructively, fostering environmental responsibility through active and participatory pedagogical methodologies (El Azzouzi, Elachqar, & Kaddar, 2023).…”