Hypoxia is a common phenomenon during tumorigenesis and tumour development. In recent years, studies have found that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α, also referred to as endothelial PAS domain protein-1, plays an important role in tumours. HIF-2α is an important oncogene and a critical prognostic indicator in non-small cell lung cancer. However, no unified conclusion can be drawn concerning HIF-2α and small cell lung cancer, since few studies to date have focused on their association. An increasing number of studies have confirmed that HIF-2α is involved in tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and radiotherapy failure in lung cancer. Of note, HIF-2α plays a crucial role in lung cancer to maintain cancer cell stemness. Based on the importance of HIF-2α in lung cancer, HIF-2α-targeted therapy has been attracting increasing attention. Although this strategy currently appears to be promising in vitro, it has never been assessed as a therapy for lung cancer. The aim of the present review was to summarize the contribution of HIF-2α to various aspects of lung cancer, as well as its potential as targeted therapy. Contents 1. Introduction 2. HIF-2α as an oncogene 3. HIF-2α in lung cancer 4. Conclusion and perspectives