“…Our outcome measures are the IRT-generated indices of five bundles of sustainability tools. The 2010 ICMA survey measured 109 sustainability policy actions or goals across 12 issue areas (for a detailed description of the 2010 ICMA sustainability survey and its utilization, see Homsy and Warner 2015;Opp and Saunders 2013;Osgood, Opp, and DeMasters 2017). We used the matched responses from the 2009 to 2010 surveys to create five sustainability tool bundles, including a comprehensive Full sustainability index for comparison; an Energy index including 17 survey items related to fuel-efficient vehicle use, energy management systems, lighting, solar panels, and energy audits of government buildings; a Carbon index containing eight questions related to greenhouse-gas emissions, benchmarking, and targets for the municipal government and community; a Land-use index containing 19 items related to incentives for smart growth, construction standards for energy use, brownfield sites, land conservation programs, and transfer of development rights programs; and an Inclusion index including eight items covering affordable housing; housing options for the disabled, homeless, and elderly; preschool funding; after-school programs; and community quality-of-life information provision.…”