Exploring the Molecular Mechanism underlying the Stable Purple-Red Leaf Phenotype in Lagerstroemia indica cv. Ebony Embers

Qiao, Zhongquan; Liu, Sisi; Zeng, Huijie; Li, Yongxin; Wang, Xiangying; Chen, Yi; Wang, Xiaoming; Cai, Neng

doi:10.3390/ijms20225636

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Variation of anthocyanin content in plant tissues is ascribed to the differential expression levels of key genes participating in the biosynthetic pathway [51]. Comparison of cultivars with contrasting fruit flesh colors allowed us to identify differentially expressed anthocyanin biosynthetic genes that may affect the color formation as previously documented in turnip [52], Prunus mira [53] and Lagerstromemia indica [54]. Interestingly, 12 key genes were highlighted in this study, seven of which directly involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, were found significantly higher expressed in the colored cultivars (red and pink) as compared to the white cultivar.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas

et al. 2020

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Background: Color formation in Hylocereus spp. (pitayas) has been ascribed to the accumulation of betalains. However, several studies have reported the presence of anthocyanins in pitaya fruit and their potential role in color formation has not yet been explored. In this study, we profiled metabolome and transcriptome in fruit of three cultivars with contrasting flesh colors (red, pink and white) to investigate their nutritional quality and the mechanism of color formation involving anthocyanins. Results: Results revealed that pitaya fruit is enriched in amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate, polyphenols, vitamin and other bioactive components with significant variation among the three cultivars. Anthocyanins were detected in the fruit flesh and accumulation levels of Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3-rutinoside, Delphinidin 3-O-(6-Omalonyl)-beta-glucoside-3-O-beta-glucoside and Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-Dglucoside) positively correlated with the reddish coloration. Transcriptome data showed that the white cultivar tends to repress the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and divert substrates to other competing pathways. This perfectly contrasted with observations in the red cultivar. The pink cultivar however seems to keep a balance between the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and the competing pathways. We identified several active transcription factors of the MYB and bHLH families which can be further investigated as potential regulators of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Conclusions: Collectively, our results suggest that anthocyanins partly contribute to color formation in pitaya fruit. Future studies aiming at manipulating the biosynthetic pathways of anthocyanins and betalains will better clarify the exact contribution of each pathway in color formation in pitayas. This will facilitate efforts to improve pitaya fruit quality and appeal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Predicting the specific target genes of these MYB and bHLH TFs would facilitate the selection of candidate genes to target for controlling flesh color in Hylocereus spp. As proposed by Qiao et al [54], the construction of gene co-expressed networks connecting the candidate regulators and their targets could be an effective approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas

et al. 2020

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“…Another similar study showed that the content of 7 anthocyanins in red leaf were higher than that in green leaf, and 19 key MYB regulators were co-expressed with the avonoid-anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in leaf color formation of Lagerstroemia indica cv. Ebony Embers [27]. The changes of avonoid related metabolites, enzyme activity and gene expression in the leaves color development of Cymbidium sinense 'Red Sun' were detected via metabolome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of Red-colored Leaves From Eucommia Ulmoides ‘Huazhong No. 12’

Yang¹,

Chen²,

Ding³

et al. 2020

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Background: Eucommia ulmoides ‘Oliver’ is an economically important tree species with highly medicinal and ecological values that is naturally distributed in China. E. ulmoides ‘Huazhong No. 12’ (H12) is the only red-leaf genotype of this species. In this study, the pigment contents of H12 and E. ulmoides ‘Huazhong No. 11’ (H11, green leaves) were determined. The differential metabolites in H12 and H11 were detected by UPLC-MS/MS, and the differentially expressed genes were screened by transcriptome. Then the key metabolites and corresponding gene regulation in anthocyanin related metabolic pathway were analyzed.Results: The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents in H12 leaves were lower than H11, while the total anthocyanin content in H12 was 4.06 times higher than in H11. There were 96 up-regulated metabolites in H12, including anthocyanin, proanthocyanidins, flavonoid and flavonol. Among them, four differentially expressed anthocyanins were identified. A total of 8,368 differentially expressed genes were selected from transcriptome between H12 and H11. The flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway, anthocyanin pathway and photosynthetic pathway were analyzed. Finally, EuCHI, EuF3'H, EuF3'5'H, EuDFR and Eu3MaT1 were recommended as the key genes. The cyanidin, cyanidin 3-malonyl-glucoside and cyanidin 3, 5-glucoside were responsible for the H12 red leaves.Conclusion: This study revealed the metabolites and gene regulation of anthocyanin synthesis, and the potential function between the anthocyanin and photosynthetic gene expression in E. ulmoides red leaves. Notably, the results also provided a reference for the study of other plant leaf-coloring mechanisms.

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“…Carotenoids give yellow to red color to fruits and have scope to serve as natural colorants in food industry [6,18]. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins is well studied in different plants and is regulated by several key genes and regulatory factors [19,20]. However, very few studies were conducted to study the betalains biosynthesis pathway and their regulatory genes because they are present only in single plant order, namely, Caryophyllales [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome analysis of Pitaya fruit unveiled the mechanisms underlying Peel and pulp color formation

et al. 2020

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Background Elucidating the candidate genes and key metabolites responsible for pulp and peel coloration is essential for breeding pitaya fruit with new and improved appeal and high nutritional value. Here, we used transcriptome (RNA-Seq) and metabolome analysis (UPLC-MS/MS) to identify structural and regulatory genes and key metabolites associated with peel and pulp colors in three pitaya fruit types belonging to two different Hylocereus species. Result Our combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses suggest that the main strategy for obtaining red color is to increase tyrosine content for downstream steps in the betalain pathway. The upregulation of CYP76ADs is proposed as the color-breaking step leading to red or colorless pulp under the regulation by WRKY44 transcription factor. Supported by the differential accumulation of anthocyanin metabolites in red pulped pitaya fruit, our results showed the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in addition to betalain biosynthesis. However, no color-breaking step for the development of anthocyanins in red pulp was observed and no biosynthesis of anthocyanins in white pulp was found. Together, we propose that red pitaya pulp color is under the strict regulation of CYP76ADs by WRKYs and the anthocyanin coexistence with betalains is unneglectable. We ruled out the possibility of yellow peel color formation due to anthocyanins because of no differential regulation of chalcone synthase genes between yellow and green and no detection of naringenin chalcone in the metabolome. Similarly, the no differential regulation of key genes in the carotenoid pathway controlling yellow pigments proposed that the carotenoid pathway is not involved in yellow peel color formation. Conclusions Together, our results propose several candidate genes and metabolites controlling a single horticultural attribute i.e. color formation for further functional characterization. This study presents useful genomic resources and information for breeding pitaya fruit with commercially attractive peel and pulp colors. These findings will greatly complement the existing knowledge on the biosynthesis of natural pigments for their applications in food and health industry.

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Exploring the Molecular Mechanism underlying the Stable Purple-Red Leaf Phenotype in Lagerstroemia indica cv. Ebony Embers

Cited by 28 publications

References 61 publications

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas

Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of Red-colored Leaves From Eucommia Ulmoides ‘Huazhong No. 12’

Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome analysis of Pitaya fruit unveiled the mechanisms underlying Peel and pulp color formation

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