Exploring the Molecular Pathogenesis, Pathogen Association, and Therapeutic Strategies against HPV Infection

Mukherjee, Anirban Goutam; Wanjari, Uddesh Ramesh; Gopalakrishnan, Abilash Valsala; Kannampuzha, Sandra; Murali, Reshma; Namachivayam, Arunraj; Ganesan, Raja; Renu, Kaviyarasi; Dey, Abhijit; Vellingiri, Balachandar; Prabakaran, D. S.

doi:10.3390/pathogens12010025

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…The transformed cervical cells show expression of HPV E6 or E7, with antigenic epitopes on their protein surface that stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies [ 13 , 14 ]. Viral antigen peptides are presented at the cell surface through human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and are recognized by CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) [ 15 – 17 ]. Therefore, E6 or E7 molecules are considered ideal targets for HPV therapeutic vaccines, inducing cell-mediated immunity by stimulating CTLs in immune response strategies or eliciting humoral immunity by activating B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis and antigenic epitope prediction for E6 and E7 of Alpha-papillomavirus 9 in Taizhou, China

Yuan,

Yan,

Gan

et al. 2024

BMC Genomics

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Background Alpha-papillomavirus 9 (α-9) is a member of the human papillomavirus (HPV) α genus, causing 75% invasive cervical cancers worldwide. The purpose of this study was to provide data for effective treatment of HPV-induced cervical lesions in Taizhou by analysing the genetic variation and antigenic epitopes of α-9 HPV E6 and E7. Methods Cervical exfoliated cells were collected for HPV genotyping. Positive samples of the α-9 HPV single type were selected for E6 and E7 gene sequencing. The obtained nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acid sequences (protein primary structure) using MEGA X, and positive selection sites of the amino acid sequences were evaluated using PAML. The secondary and tertiary structures of the E6 and E7 proteins were predicted using PSIPred, SWISS-MODEL, and PyMol. Potential T/B-cell epitopes were predicted by Industrial Engineering Database (IEDB). Results From 2012 to 2023, α-9 HPV accounted for 75.0% (7815/10423) of high-risk HPV-positive samples in Taizhou, both alone and in combination with other types. Among these, single-type-positive samples of α-9 HPV were selected, and the entire E6 and E7 genes were sequenced, including 298 HPV16, 149 HPV31, 185 HPV33, 123 HPV35, 325 HPV52, and 199 HPV58 samples. Compared with reference sequences, 34, 12, 10, 2, 17, and 17 nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations were detected in HPV16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58, respectively. Among all nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations, 19 positive selection sites were selected, which may have evolutionary significance in rendering α-9 HPV adaptive to its environment. Immunoinformatics predicted 57 potential linear and 59 conformational B-cell epitopes, many of which are also predicted as CTL epitopes. Conclusion The present study provides almost comprehensive data on the genetic variations, phylogenetics, positive selection sites, and antigenic epitopes of α-9 HPV E6 and E7 in Taizhou, China, which will be helpful for local HPV therapeutic vaccine development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis and antigenic epitope prediction for E6 and E7 of Alpha-papillomavirus 9 in Taizhou, China

Yuan,

Yan,

Gan

et al. 2024

BMC Genomics

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“…The pathogenesis of verruca vulgaris involves the interplay of viral replication, host cellular proliferation, and the immune response. Recent advances in molecular biology have shed light on the role of chemokines, small cytokines that guide cell movement, in the immune system's response to HPV infection [3] . Among these, CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10) has emerged as a molecule of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Gene Expression of CXCL10 in Patients with Verruca Vulgaris

2024

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine

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Background: Verruca vulgaris, a common skin condition caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), poses significant treatment challenges. Recent research has shifted towards understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these lesions, including the role of chemokines like CXCL10 in their pathogenesis and potential as therapeutic targets.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the expression of the CXCL10 gene in patients with verruca vulgaris and to evaluate its potential as a biomarker for disease presence and severity. Methods: A prospective case-control study that included 50 patients diagnosed with verruca vulgaris and 30 healthy controls. The study measured CXCL10 gene expression levels in verruca lesions versus healthy skin biopsies using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), following RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Results: The study revealed significantly higher CXCL10 gene expression in verruca lesions (3.76 ± 2.87) compared to healthy skin (1.89 ± 2.01), with a P-value of 0.008. The discriminative power of CXCL10 expression demonstrated 77% sensitivity and 60% specificity at a cutoff point of 1.339. Untreated patients showed significantly higher CXCL10 expression compared to those who received previous treatment (P = 0.031). Conclusion: CXCL10 was significantly upregulated in verruca vulgaris lesions, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for the condition. The lack of correlation with lesion duration or size suggests CXCL10's role is more closely associated with the presence rather than the severity of the disease. The observed reduction in CXCL10 expression following treatment may open new avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies.

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“…Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that is epitheliotropic in nature and is known to cause disease in a variety of tissues [ 1 , 2 ]. There are between 150–200 different strains of HPV, some of which are known to cause human disease, including cancer [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for High-Risk Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV31, HPV33, HPV35) in a Multi-Racial Pediatric and Adult Clinic Patient Population

Hinton,

Coleman,

Salem

et al. 2023

Cancers

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Many human papillomavirus (HPV) strains induce cancer in the cervix and the oral cavity. Although high-risk strains including HPV16 and HPV18 are commonly known, additional high-risk strains including HPV31, HPV33, and HPV35 may also induce carcinogenesis, and much less is known about their prevalence. Using an approved protocol, samples from a salivary biorepository were screened to find pediatric and adult samples from a multi-ethnic, university-based patient clinic population. A total of N = 86 samples from the saliva biorepository met the quality and concentration standards and were screened for high-risk HPV. qPCR screening of adult samples revealed n = 10/45 or 22% were HPV31- or HPV33-positive. In addition, a total of n = 9/41 or 21.9% of pediatric samples were either HPV31- or HPV33-positive (or both). No samples harbored HPV35. Most samples were derived from patients within the recommended vaccination or catch-up age range (age 9–45 years). These results demonstrated that a significant percentage of patients harbor additional high-risk HPV strains within the oral cavity, including HPV31 and HPV33. These data support oral healthcare provider recommendations for the newer nine-valent vaccine, which includes both HPV31 and HPV33.

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Exploring the Molecular Pathogenesis, Pathogen Association, and Therapeutic Strategies against HPV Infection

Cited by 5 publications

References 102 publications

Phylogenetic analysis and antigenic epitope prediction for E6 and E7 of Alpha-papillomavirus 9 in Taizhou, China

Phylogenetic analysis and antigenic epitope prediction for E6 and E7 of Alpha-papillomavirus 9 in Taizhou, China

Evaluation of the Gene Expression of CXCL10 in Patients with Verruca Vulgaris

Screening for High-Risk Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV31, HPV33, HPV35) in a Multi-Racial Pediatric and Adult Clinic Patient Population

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